632 ZOOLOGY SECT. 



no clear idea of genera, his genera being rather what we now call 

 orders or families, and he showed an undue conservatism in 

 retaining, as far as possible, the groups of Aristotle. His general 

 classification of animals is as follows : 



I. Animals with (red) blood [ Vertebrata"]. 



1. Respiration pulmonary. 



A. Heart with two ventricles. 



(a) Viviparous. 



i. Aquatic [Cetacea]. 

 ii. Terrestrial [other Mammalia]. 



(b) Oviparous [Birds]. 



B. Heart with one ventricle. 



Viviparous Quadrupeds and Serpents [i.e. Eeptilia 

 and Amphibia}. 



2. Respiration branchial [Fishes]. 



II. Animals without (red) blood [Invertebratci]. 



1. 'Majora. 



A. Mollia [Cephalopoda]. 



B. Crustacea. 



C. Testacea [Gastropoda and Pdecypodci\. 



2. Minora. 



Insecta [Insect a, Arachnid a Myriapoda, and Vermes]. 



It will be noticed that, while the classification of Vertebrates is 

 fairly natural, being founded upon the rock of Anatomy, the 

 arrangement of Invertebrates is no advance upon that of Aristotle : 

 the two main divisions depend upon mere size, and Crustacea, 

 separated from the rest of the Arthropoda, are interposed between 

 Cephalopods and the remaining Mollusca. In association with 

 Ray must be mentioned his friend and fellow-worker Francis 

 Willughby, who made extensive contributions to Zoology. 



The eighteenth century saw the imperfect efforts of Ray 

 developed, and in some respects perfected, by Carl Linne or 

 Linnaeus, universally recognised as the founder of modern 

 systematic Zoology or more accurately Biology, since his reforms 

 equally affected Botany. Born in Sweden in 1707, two years 

 after Ray's death, he published the first edition of his Sy sterna 

 Naturce, in 1735, as a small pamphlet. The twelfth edition (1766- 

 68) was in three volumes, and was the last to receive the author's 

 corrections, but from materials left at his death in 1778 an 

 authoritative (thirteenth) edition in ten volumes was prepared by 

 J. F. Gmelin. 



It was Linna?us who first recognised the value of groups higher 

 than species genera, orders, classes, etc., and employed them 



