XVI 



THE HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY 



637 



uniformitarian in Geology, believing that the history of the earth 

 and of its past inhabitants is to be explained by the action of the 

 causes seen in operation to-day, and not by invoking great 

 catastrophes or cataclysms by which changes of vast magnitude 

 were suddenly produced. He considered, also, that the trans- 

 formation of species took place by slow, orderly changes, Nature 

 requiring only matter, space, and time in order to effect her various 

 changes. He introduced the terms Vertebrata and Invertebrata, 

 and, in the same year as Treviranus (1802) proposed the term 

 Biology for the whole science of living things. 



Lamarck at first believed in a linear classification of animals, but 

 afterwards adopted the earliest known branching or phylogenetic 

 classification a crude attempt, but interesting as being the first 

 of its kind. It is as follows : 



Worms [flat and round Worms] Infusoria 



. Polypes [including Rotifers, Polyzoa, 

 Actinozoa, Crinoids, and some In- 

 '"-.. fusoria] 



'"'-... Radiaria [including Echinodenns and 



.-'""-... some Worms and Ccelenterates] 



Annelids [Annulata, &c.] 



Cirripedes 



Mollusca 



Insects 



Arachnids 



Crustacea 



Fishes 

 Reptiles 



Birds 

 Monotremes 



\ 



'Amphibious Mammals [Sirenia and 

 ..--Pinnipedia] 



Cetacea 



Ungulate Mammals 



Unguiculate Mammals [Edentata, Rodents, Marsupials, Insectivora, Carnivora 3 

 Chiroptera, and Primates]. 



