254 THE STOEY OF THE EARTH AND MAN. 



Cautley one of the most remarkable exhibitions of 

 Miocene animals in the world. These hills form a 

 ridge subordinate to the Himalayan chain; and rise 

 to a height of 2,000 to 3,000 feet. In the Miocene 

 period, they were sandy and pebbly shores and banks 

 lying at the foot of the then infant Himalayas, which, 

 with the table -lands to the north, probably formed a 

 somewhat narrow east and west continental mass or 

 large island. As a mere example of the marvellous 

 fauna which inhabited this Miocene land, it has 

 afforded remains of seven species of elephants, masto- 

 dons, and allied animals ; one of them, the E. Ganesa, 

 with tusks ten feet and a half long, and twenty- six 

 inches in circumference at the base. Besides these 

 there are five species of rhinoceros, three of horse 

 and allied animals, four or more of hippopotamus, 

 and species of camel, giraffe, antelope, sheep, ox, and 

 many other genera, as well as numerous large and 

 formidable beasts of prey. There is also an ostrich ; 

 and, among other reptiles, a tortoise having a shell 

 twelve feet in length, and this huge roof must have 

 covered an animal eighteen feet long and seven feet 

 high. Among the more remarkable of the Siwalik 

 animals is the Sivatherium, a gigantic four-horned 

 antelope or deer, supposed to have been of elephantine 

 size, and of great power and swiftness; and to 

 have presented features connecting the ruminants 

 and pachyderms. Our restoration of this creature 

 is to some extent conjectural; and a remarkably 

 artisti c, and probably more accurate, restoration of the 



