154 Appendix IV 



with a pencil, marking the position of each bud. In this way it is 

 easy to get the drawing the right length, but not the right thickness. 

 Remove the twig from the paper. Use indiarubber and finish the 

 drawing accurately in pencil. When your teacher has passed the 

 drawing, ink it in. 



If you are working by artificial light, hold the twig a few inches 

 above the paper and parallel to it so as to cast a shadow. Try to 

 hold it steady whilst you sketch the outline of the shadow. 



2. [Homework.] Draw a family tree representing as far as you 

 can all your relations who can be traced back to the same ancestors 

 as yourself. Name the trunk after the original family ancestor, the 

 main branches after his children, and so on until you come to the 

 twigs named after your brothers, sisters and cousins. 



Evergreens (Walk in Pine Wood). 



1. Does the wood consist of pine trees only ? Are the pines all 

 the same sort ? If more than one sort, how many kinds and what 

 kinds ? Can you distinguish them by their bark ? by their leaves ? 

 by the arrangement of branches ? 



2. Are the trees all of about the same height or of very different 

 heights ? How high are the highest ? the lowest ? Do the smaller 

 trees grow among the larger ones ? or quite apart ? or do the larger 

 trees shade off into smaller ones ? 



3. At what distances apart are the youngest trees ? Are the 

 older trees at the same distances ? 



4. Is there any evidence to show whether the trees have been 

 planted or are self-sown ? 



5. Are the younger trees growing so far apart that you can walk 

 between them without touching them ? or do the branches of one tree 

 interfere with those of the next ? Can you see the sky when you 

 look up through the branches of the older trees, or do they form a 

 complete canopy ? 



6. Is the floor below the trees quite bare ground ? or peat, rock 

 or sand ? is it covered with pine needles or carpeted with moss or 

 grass or herbs ? or is there any undergrowth of heather, gorse, 

 bracken or bramble ? Do you find any other trees, e.g. birch or 

 rhododendron, growing underneath the pines or in the more open 



