Appendix IV 155 



spaces of the pine wood ? Can you account for the special nature of 

 the floor or undergrowth as you have seen it ? 



7. Are any fir-cones lying on the ground ? Are any on the 

 trees ? if so, on which trees and whereabouts ? Are the cones on 

 the ground just like those on the trees ? 



8. Are the lower branches of the trees alive or dead ? Are any 

 loose branches lying on the ground ? Which kind of tree have they 

 come from ? Have they fallen off or been cut off ? 



9. Is any timber-felling going on ? if so, which kind of tree is 

 being cut down ? What is the diameter of the trees when cut 

 across ? Can you count the number of rings ? 



10. Can you trace the roots of the trees on the surface of the 

 ground ? How far do they extend from the trunk ? Are there any 

 ditches or quarries where you can see how deep the roots grow ? 



11. Has any damage been done to the wood by wind ? Are any 

 trees permanently bent or lopsided ? Have any trees been uprooted ? 

 If so, which sorts ? Is the damage on any particular side of the 

 wood? 



12. Has any damage been done by fire ? If so, to which trees ? 

 Have they been completely destroyed or only partly burnt or 

 scorched ? Have the scorched trees been killed ? How do you 

 suppose the fire started ? Could anything have been done to 

 protect the trees ? Has anything been done since ? 



13. Are any trees loaded with snow ? Can you shake the snow 

 off the branches ? Does this alter the amount of bending ? Has any 

 damage been done by snow ? 



14. Is the soil in which the pine trees grow wet or dry, hard or 

 soft, frost-bound or thawed ? Have any ditches been dug to drain 

 the wood ? 



15. Is any damage being done to the wood by rabbits, deer, 

 cattle or other animals ? or by beetles, fungi, or other pests ? Are 

 there squirrels in the wood ? Do you see any birds there, e.g. owl, 

 gold-crested wren or magpie ? 



16. Have any of the trees been damaged by branches being cut 

 or broken off? Have the wounds healed? Has the bark grown 



