4 PREFACE 



ing and exactness, orderly and neat procedure, general culture, 

 etc. At the same time it seems to be expected that we should 

 include references to food, clothing, shelter, health and sex 

 hygiene, morals, and aesthetics. Such a combination is not 

 impracticable, and yet there does not seem to exist any method 

 whereby such matters may be handled as problems in our 

 secondary schools. The attempt to work out such a method 

 has supplied my immediate motive for compiling this book. 



Some special arrangements of matter should be noted: 

 First, the solutions are mostly provided with questions arid 

 special reports for both class and home work. Second, a list 

 of references for the special reports is added, commonly to 

 topics of human interest not to be found in the ordinary texts 

 in biology. It is suggested that pupils be encouraged to be 

 constantly on the lookout for pertinent articles on biological 

 topics such as may be found in good magazines, the better 

 daily papers, etc. These should be culled and card catalogued. 

 Constant reference is also made to Hunter's Essentials of 

 Biology, a volume which this manual is especially intended 

 to accompany. Third, the larger type indicates matter which 

 is regarded as most important. Teachers are expected to cull 

 that which fits the problems nearest at hand. No classes can 

 be expected to cover all the ground outlined in one year. 

 The smaller type indicates matter which is supplementary 

 and optional, depending on the locality, material on hand, 

 and special interests of both teachers and pupils. Much 

 matter is also included to permit abler and more advanced 

 students to choose work that is not being regularly undertaken 

 by the entire class. 



Many new texts and manuals have been freely consulted 

 in preparing this manual. Special thanks are due to Dr. W. H. 

 Eddy and Mr. C. W. Hahn 'of the High School of Commerce, 

 New York, Dr. H. E. Walter of Brown University, Miss A. P. 

 Hazen of the Eastern District High School, New York, and 

 Mr. G. W. Hunter of the De Witt Clinton High School for 

 many helpful suggestions concerning the manuscript; to 



