Cl'mate, Geography and Geology of Minnesota — Upham. 153 



8. Chief topographic features: the Red river flats, 800 to 

 950 feet above the sea: the basin of the Minnesota river, a slights 

 ly undulating expanse, 900 to 1,100 feet above the sea; the Coteau 

 des Prairies in southwestern Minnesota, 1,800 to 1,950 feet above 

 the sea; the Leaf hills, 100 to 300 feet high, being 1,000 to 1,750 

 feet above the sea; the Giant's range and the Mesabi range, near 

 the international boundary north of lake Superior, each 1,800 to 

 2,200 feet above the sea, being the highest land in the state; the 

 Sawteeth mountains, near the shore of lake Superior in Minneso- 

 ta, 1,500 to 1,800 feet above the sea, or 900 to 1,200 feet above the 

 lake; and the valley of the Mississippi river, from lake Pepin 

 southward, several miles wide, and inclosed by bluffs 200 to 600 

 feet high. 



9 to 10. Contour-lines for each 100 feet above the sea level: 

 shown in successive pairs on seven maps with areas colored, and 

 finally all presented on a single map, delineating only the course 

 of the lines. To the elevations already stated, the following may 

 be added: lake Superior, 602; Rainy lake, about 1,175; the Lake of 

 the Woods, 1,062; the Red river at the northwest corner of the 

 state, 758; lake Itasca, about 1,500; the Mississippi river at Min- 

 neapolis above the falls of Saint Anthony, 800; in lake Pepin 664, 

 and at the southeast corner of the state, 620; Red lake, about 1,160; 

 Mille Lacs, 1,246; lake Traverse, 970; Big Stone lake, 962; and 

 the southwest corner of the state, about 1,400. Professor Win- 

 chell estimates the average elevation of the entire state to be 

 approximately 1,275 feet above the sea. 



17. Historical chart showing the geographical names and 

 their dates prior to Nicollet's map: already published in Geology of 

 Minnesota, vol. I, the flrst in the series of final reports of this 

 survey. 



Three maps show geological structure, glacial drift and the 

 subsoils. 



18. The geological systems below the drift and Cretaceous: 

 Devonian limestones and shales, belonging to the Hamilton and 

 Marcellus epochs, in Fillmore and Mower counties, and extending 

 into Iowa; Silurian limestone and shales, belonging to the Hud- 

 son river and Trenton epochs, reaching from Saint Paul and 

 Minneapolis south and southeast to Fillmore county and north- 

 eastern Iowa; Cambrian sandstones and limestones, including the 

 Saint Peter sandstone, Shakopee limestone, Jordan sandston 



