74 



Canadian Forestry Journal. 



wood the value of the wood consumed in- 

 creased more than $530,000 over that used 

 in 1908, the quantity used in 1909 being 

 nearly thirty per cent, in advance of 

 that used the previous year. 



There are some sixty pulp mills in the 

 Dominion, and of these reports were re- 

 ceived from fifty. Half of these mills 

 are in Quebec, one-fifth in Ontario, and 

 the rest are located in New Brunswick, 

 Nova Scotia and British Columbia. 



The province of Quebec furnished over 

 half the pulpwood, Ontario gave about 

 one-third, while the remainder was dis- 

 tributed over New Brunswick, Nova 

 Scotia and British Columbia. 



Two species of timber, namely, spruce 

 and balsam, furnished ninety-nine per 

 cent, of the wood used in the making of 

 pulp, spruce furnishing eighty-seven per 

 cent, and balsam twelve per cent. Poplar, 

 hemlock and jack pine were also used. 



Three-fifths of the pulpwood cut in 

 Canada during 1909 was exported to the 

 United States for manufacture. Nearly 

 all this wood went from Quebec. The 

 average price received for it was only 

 forty-five cents per cord more than was 

 paid at the Quebec mills. 



The pulpwood shipped from Canada in 

 1909 furnished 46 4/10 per cent, of the 

 raw material used by the ninety pulp 

 mills of the state of New York and an 

 appreciable portion of that used by the 

 paper mills of New England and Pennsyl- 

 vania. The manufacture of the pulpwood 

 exported in 1909 kept sixty-nine out of the 

 two hundred and fifty-one pulp mills of 

 the United States running at full capacity 

 for the year. Had it been manufactured 

 in Quebec, it would have kept running 

 seventy-one mills of the same capacity as 

 those now running in Quebec. 



Cross-ties. 



The steam and electric railways of Can- 

 ada purchased, during 1909, 14,178,241 

 crossties, which cost them, at the point of 

 purchase, $5,210,409. Almost three-tenths 

 of these ties were of cedar, about one- 

 fourth were of jack-pine, and other woods 

 furnished the following percentages of the 

 total: tamarack, twenty (20) per cent.; 

 hemlock, thirteen (13) per cent.; spruce, 

 six (6) per cent., and Douglas fir five (5) 

 per cent. White pine, chestnut, oak, 

 cypress, red pine and southern pine are 

 used only to a very limited extent. The 

 average price of all ties used in 1909 was 

 37 cents each. The price of ties of differ- 

 ent species was as follows: cedar, 45 

 cents; tamarack, 39 cents; hemlock, 33 

 cents; jackpine, 30 cents, and spruce, 25 

 cents each. 



Steam roads used over ninety-nine (99) 

 per cent, of these ties. 



The average length of life of ties of 

 the different species was found to be as 

 follows: cedar, nine years; tamarack, 



eight years; hemlock, seven years; Doug- 

 las fir, seven years; jackpine, six years, 

 and spruce, six years. 



Poles. 



During the year (1909) 358,255 poles 

 were purchased by the telegraph, telephone 

 and electric light and power com- 

 panies and the steam and electric rail- 

 ways. Of these the total value at the 

 point of purchase was $497,052. The pur- 

 chases of poles in 1909 were almost 

 double those in 1908 (193 per cent.) and 

 the average price per pole fell from $1.53 

 in 1908 to $1.39 in 1909. These differ- 

 ences were due to an increase in the pur- 

 chase of short cedar poles by the tele- 

 graph and telephone companies. 



Of the total number of poles ninety- 

 four (94) per cent, were of cedar. Tama- 

 rack furnished four per cent., and spruce 

 and Douglas fir the remaining two per 

 cent. 



Telegraph and telephone companies used 

 eighty-three (83) per cent, of the poles 

 used, steam railways twelve per cent, and 

 electric companies the remaining five per 

 cent. 



The figures given above have been pub- 

 lished by the Forestry Branch as Bulle- 

 tins Nos. 11, 12, 13 and 14, copies of 

 which may be obtained from R. H. Camp- 

 bell, Superintendent of Forestry, Ottawa. 



Cooperage. 



The cooperage industry is divided into 

 two distinct branches, namely the manu- 

 facture of tight cooperage (barrels for 

 the containing of liquids) and the man- 

 ufacture of slack cooperage (barrels for 

 holding flour, apples and other such non- 

 liquid products). 



The total value of the cooperage stock 

 manufactured in Canada during the year 

 was $1,842,235. Information was receiv- 

 ed from 128 firms throughout the Do- 

 minion. 



The tight cooperage industry in Canada 

 is relatively unimportant. The value of 

 the stock manufactured amounted to only 

 $247,116, or 13.4 per cent, of the total. 

 Owing to the fact that there is now left 

 in Canadian forests no oak (the only wood 

 yet found suitable for the manufacture 

 of high-grade tight cooperage), the chief 

 users of tight cooperage stock (i.e., ship- 

 pers of whiskey, beer, ale, wines and oils) 

 import from the United States either their 

 barrels, staves and heading already man- 

 ufactured, or else the logs from which to 

 make this stock. 



The value of the products of the slack 

 cooperage industry amounts to $1,595,119. 

 In this industry elm is used far more 

 than any other sort of wood; almost two- 

 thirds of the staves, over one-quarter of 

 the headings and some five-sixths of the 

 hoops produced were ma:de of this wood. 



