CONTENTS. "xi 



CHAPTER VII. THE FRUIT 285 



SECTION I. ITS STRUCTURE, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND DEHIS- 



CENCE 285 



Pericarp, its Alterations, Accessions, and Transformations . 287 



Dehiscence 288 



SECTION II. THE KINDS OF FRUIT 291 



Simple Fruits 291 



Dehiscent Fruits, Follicle, Legume, Capsule, Pyxis, Silique . 292 

 Indehiscent Dry Fruits, Samara, Akene, Utricle, Caryopsis, 



Nut, &c 294 



Fleshy Fruits, Drupe, Pome, Pepo, Berry, &c 297 



Aggregate Fruits 299 



Accessory or Anthocarpous Fruits 300 



Multiple or Collective Fruits, Syconium, Strobile, &c. . . . 301 



Table of Simple Fruits 304 



CHAPTER VIII. THE SEED 305 



Its Stalk, Coats, and Appendages 306 



Aril or Arillus 308 



Nucleus or Kernel, Albumen 309 



The Embryo, its Parts and Positions 311 



The Cotyledons as to Adjustment arid Number 313 



CHAPTER IX. TAXONOMY 315 



SECTION I. THE PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION IN NATURAL 



HISTORY 315 



Individuals 315 



Species 317 



Varieties, Races, &c .' 318 



Cross-breeds and Hybrids 321 



Genera 323 



Orders, Classes, Tribes, &c 325 



Sequence of the Grades 327 



Nature and Meaning of Affinity 327 



Theory of Descent and Natural Selection 328 



SECTION II. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION 331 



Ante-Linnaean Classifications 332 



Linnaean Classification 333 



Sexual Artificial System 334 



Natural System 338 



As presented by Jussieu 339 



Some of its Modifications , . 340 



