374 PHYTOGRAPHY. 



flowers and fruit in the same plant, or fruit may be frequently 

 obtained from more advanced plants at the same time. Jf not, 

 fruit must be collected later, as in case of shrubs and trees, of 

 which generally only a branchlet with flowers, or with flowers 

 and leaves, can be gathered first. But subsequently the fruit 

 and mature leaves, should always be taken, if practicable, from 

 the same individual as the flowers. Of dioecious shrubs or 

 trees, like the Willows, each species should be represented by 

 four pieces : first, the sterile and fertile catkins will have to be 

 obtained, and the respective individuals marked, so that later 

 corresponding twigs with mature leaves, stipules, and fruit may 

 be gathered, and the specimens rightly matched. 



784. A specimen should be so arranged as to be no larger 

 when pressed than can be neatly mounted on the herbarium 

 paper. A slender plant not over three feet in height should 

 generally be preserved entire, root and all. This can be done 

 by bending or partially breaking it at one, two, or three places, 

 and doubling so that the sections will not rest upon each other 

 in dr}*ing. If broken twice, it may be neatly arranged in the N 

 form when put in portfolio. Very large herbaceous plants will 

 have to be divided and the parts preserved separately, or, better, 

 take a suitable portion of the upper stem, having leaves, flowers, 

 and fruit, and a convenient part of the lower stem containing 

 radical leaves and with it sufficient root to show whether the 

 plant is an annual, biennial, or perennial. Thick stems, roots, 

 tubers, bulbs, and the like, should be divided or thinned down 

 with a knife, but in such a manner that the original shape can 

 be easily made out. 



785. Carices should be always collected when the fruit is full- 

 grown, but not so ripe as to fall away. So also should other 

 Cyperaceae ; yet it is well to collect also earlier specimens of 

 these in flower. Grasses, on the other hand, should generally 

 be collected soon after they come into blossom. For when 

 mature the spikelets in many species break up and fall away in 

 drying. The culm, leaves, and root of Sedges and Grasses 

 should be preserved, as well as the inflorescence. The root is 

 no less important. Cespitose species should be so collected and 

 preserved as to show the tufted character. The culms of most 

 sedges and grasses act stubbornly when bent for arrangement 

 in portfolio or press, and are not disposed to stay in place. This 

 difficulty is promptly remedied by crushing with the teeth the 

 angles made by the bending. Or these may be thrust through 

 slits of paper. In diying Sedges and Grasses, very moderate 

 pressure should be employed. 



