2 STUDIES IN ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY. 



The tramp probably possesses, in some instances, a theoret- 

 ical knowledge of the efficacy of soap and water, but it 

 does not therefore become a practical belief. 



In teaching small children it is of course desirable to 

 make almost all the work of this hygienic character. 

 Physiology is a science that pre-supposes some knowledge 

 of physics and chemistry, and that cannot be assumed in 

 really elementary classes. In addition small children have 

 a morbid curiosity aroused when dealing with anatomical 

 structures that is frequently productive of more evil than 

 good. But with advanced classes physiology can be studied 

 to the greatest advantage, provided that we do so in a 

 scientific way. While in a strict sense physiology does not 

 at all include anatomy, either gross or minute, yet as gen- 

 erally conceived it is made to include this, and in such a 

 sense it is used by the author. While pure physiology is 

 a science of experiments, like physics and chemistry, and 

 not a science of observation like botany and zoology, and 

 as from the difficulty of the experiments, not many of them 

 can be repeated by the student himself, yet there are 

 numerous simpler experiments of deepest physiological 

 import which the student can perform for himself. Some 

 experiments in artificial digestion with prepared extracts, 

 the nature of the flow of liquids in iron and rubber tubes to 

 illustrate circulation, the phenomena of blood coagulation, 

 and finally the many experiments to be made in the study 

 of the special senses, all these will afford abundant oppor- 

 tunities to perform experiments of the highest educational 

 value. But it is when we include anatomy that the oppor- 

 tunities are greatest. It is never necessary in elementary 

 instruction to call to aid vivisections, or even ordinary 

 dissections of a nature often calculated to be repulsive. 

 Let all these be proscribed. But the meat market itself 

 will afford a multiplicity of material which will serve 

 to illustrate all the more important fields of anatomy. 

 Now it is believed that while a large part of the matter of 

 physiology must be informational, and although this is often 



