MONKEYS. 47 



out its extent The characters of the group are readily discoverable. 

 In addition to the oblique nostrils, we find that Old World monkeys 

 possess the arrangement and number of teeth seen in man himself. 

 The tail may be long, short, or rudimentary, but in no case is it 

 " prehensile " ; and the Old World apes are thus seen to want one 

 of the chief characters of their New World neighbours. In this 

 group also, cheek-pouches are common, and the bare patches, " seat- 

 pads" or " callosities," already alluded to, are frequently developed. 

 The Catarhine apes fall into two natural divisions, of which the 

 first includes by far the vast majority of these animals; whilst the 

 second division contains the aristocracy of the ape-group in the 

 shape of the four highest forms namely, the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, 

 Orang, and Gibbons. The first or lower division is represented by 

 the great race of the Macaques, of which the common Macaque or 

 Jew Monkey (Macacus cynomologus) and the Bonnet Monkey (M. 

 radiatus] are the most familiar forms. Also included in this group 

 are the Semnopitheci, the long-tailed Indian monkeys, of which the 

 Semnopithecus entellns, or the Sacred Monkey of the Hindoos, is a 

 familiar example. Africa possesses many representatives of the 

 lower Catarhine apes. The genus Colobus is a notable African 

 group, distinguished as the only Catarhine tribe in which the thumb 

 is rudimentary. The Gibraltar ape is a species of Macaque (M. 

 Inuus\ and an allied form (M. speciosus] is found in Japan. The 

 curious Proboscis Monkey (Presbytis nasalis\ known by its elongated 

 nose, and found in Borneo, belongs to the group under review ; as 

 also does the Cercopithecus genus, including long-tailed African 

 monkeys. Indeed, all the smaller monkeys of the Old World are 

 zoologically located in this subdivision of the Catarhine group. The 

 Macaques are limited in their distribution to Asia, and possess both 

 " cheek-pouches," well-developed thumbs, and "seat-pads." Their 

 tails vary in length, being long in some species, but short and rudi- 

 mentary in others. These monkeys naturally walk on all-fours, and 

 present in this respect a marked variation from their higher neigh- 

 bours. The baboons may also be regarded as belonging to the 

 present group, although they possess certain special characters, which, 

 in the opinion of some zoologists, serve to separate them from the 

 smaller monkeys of the Old World. The name Cynocephali, or 

 " dog-headed," applied to the Baboon-group, indicates that their 

 skull is more " brutal " in its characters than that of their neighbour 

 apes. Their jaws project to an extent unknown in the smaller forms, 

 and the dog-like aspect of the head forms indeed one of their most 

 readily-recognised features. The tail is short, and may be rudi- 

 mentary. The "eye-teeth" are specially prominent, and remind the 

 observer of the similar teeth in carnivorous animals. The " seat- 

 pads " are, as a rule, brilliantly coloured, and the cheek-pouches are 



