THE OLD PHRENOLOGY AND THE NEW. 243 



himself in the United States, his skull being now preserved in the 

 museum of Harvard University. This patient undoubtedly lost a 

 relatively large portion of his brain-substance. At one fell swoop, 

 there must have been a considerable destruction of phrenological 

 organs. Yet he suffered from no apparent deprivation of intelligence ; 

 and few would dream of associating the drinking habits which finally 

 beset him, with his accident and with his loss of brain-matter, or 

 otherwise maintain that he was less rational before than after the 

 accident. Trousseau has also placed on record a case in which a 

 man who was shot in the head, had the front part of his brain tra- 

 versed by a bullet, and who, nevertheless, showed little or no apparent 

 alteration of bodily or mental action as the result of his injury. Thus 

 the misfortunes of existence and the experimentation of the physio- 

 logist positively contradict the old phrenology. They assert that 

 localisation of function does exist, it is true, but they also show that 

 the "organs" of the phrenologist are mere theoretical nonentities, 

 without a trace of substance to ensure their stability or real nature. 



What amount of localisation, then, can be safely assumed to exist 

 in the human brain as revealed by recent experimentation ? It may 

 be known to the generality of readers that the movements, acts, and 

 probably ideas relating to one side of the body are regulated by the 

 opposite side or hemisphere of the cerebrum. Thus, convulsions af- 

 fecting one side of the body were shown by Dr. Hughlings Jackson to 

 be caused by disease of the opposite side, and the idea of the duality 

 of the brain's action followed in a natural sequence on the observation 

 of facts like the preceding. As a general rule, it may be affirmed 

 that brain- disease itself, or the ideas of natural existence, are so far 

 localised that their perfect effects are only visible and appreciated 

 when the same parts in both halves or hemispheres of the brain are 

 affected. To illustrate what the new phrenology has to say re- 

 garding the localisation of the brain-functions, let us inquire firstly 

 into the modes through which we obtain our knowledge of the brain 

 and its work. There are two means of ascertaining the functions 

 of the brain. Experiments may be performed on the living animal 

 when the brain is electrically stimulated ; while disease of the brain 

 nature's experimentation in fact affords a second method of 

 acquiring knowledge regarding the duties of different regions of the 

 great nervous centres. 



Proceeding by the first or experimental method, Professor Ferrier 

 (to whom I am indebted for the use of figures from his work on 

 "The Functions of the Brain") has been enabled to map out the 

 surface of the cerebrum into definite areas. Thus in figs. 25 and 26 

 the cerebrum of the monkey is represented as mapped out into de- 

 finite areas corresponding with ascertained functions performed by 

 these regions. When the area marked i is stimulated, the animal 



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