APPENDIX I 431 



to the ground, into which it enters and pupates. It remains in 

 this dormant stage about four weeks, when the fly emerges, soon to 

 lay another lot of eggs. The larval period lasts about ten months, 

 the presence of the larvae causing inflammation, loss of flesh, and 

 injury to the skin. Dr. Grenfell says that he has seen a skin so 

 perforated that it was practically impossible to cut from it a pair 

 of moccasins. Mr. Owen Bryant informs me that the caribou of 

 Newfoundland are infested by what is apparently the same fly. 

 The reindeer bot-fly is found in Alaska. 



The birds and mammals of Labrador would indicate the pres- 

 ence of other families of insects. In the Diptera should be found 

 members of the family Hipposcidse, popularly called the louse-fly, 

 from their habits of living parasitically upon birds and animals. 

 They have flattened bodies adapted for moving readily between 

 the feathers and hairs. Some species have wings, while in others 

 the wings are obsolete or wanting. The term Pupipara is applied 

 to this group on account of its remarkable mode of reproduction. 

 The eggs hatch within the body of the parent, the larva being 

 retained and nourished until full grown and ready to change to 

 the pupa. These flies are most commonly observed on the hawks 

 and owls, although many other birds are infested. The owl-fly 

 (Olfersia americana) lives upon the great-horned owl. The 

 Pseudolfersia maculata Coq. (= fumipennis) infests the osprey and 

 loon, while on blackbirds and other small birds are frequently 

 found the more common bird-fly, Ornithomyia pallida. Many 

 species of the Mallophaga, or bird-lice, are probably present on 

 various species of birds. 



The horse-flies, or gad-flies, are represented by the two most 

 prominent genera Chrysops, or deer-flies, and fabanus, or true 

 horse-flies. Both are at 

 times very annoying, es- 

 pecially in the woods, 

 swarming about in great 

 numbers and frequently FlG - 4 - 



giving sharp bites. Pack- Larva of the Horse-fly, 



ard, in referring to these 



flies, says: "Half a dozen frightful horse-flies of gigantic stature 

 hovered about. Now and then, when we are not watching, they 

 will settle down on our hands and bite terribly, making a wound 

 which does not heal for days." I am told the natives call them 

 " waps," probably a corruption of "wasps." They are not as active 

 on a cloudy day, and a strong breeze will usually disperse them. 



The three species of Chrysops are all black forms with the 

 usual broad black band on the centre of the wing. Chrysops 

 excitans (PL, Fig. 1) has two of the basal segments of the abdomen 



