APPENDIX I 435 



matus infest the spruce, willow, and birch. Euura orbitalis makes 

 a gall on the willow. 



Closely allied to the saw-flies are the Xylophaga, or wood-eating 

 Hymenoptera, comprising the family Siricidse, or horntails, the 

 females being provided with a long, hornlike ovipositor adapted for 

 boring, as the eggs are laid in solid wood on which the larvae feed. 

 Two species are recorded from Labrador. The large and beautiful 

 Sirex flavicornis (PL, Fig. 8), with its handsome livery of deep black 

 and orange-yellow, seems to be quite common. The male is smaller 

 and darker than the female, the yellow being confined to the four 

 middle segments of the abdomen, at the end of which there is only 

 a short triangular projection. It differs so much from the female 

 that for a long time it masqueraded under the name of Sirex ab- 

 dominalis. In more southern localities this insect infests the 

 white pine, but in this region it probably lives in the spruce. Sirex 

 cyaneus, a dark blue species, has been recorded from Hopedale. 

 We should naturally expect to find one of the large ichneumon 

 flies (Thalessa or Rhyssa) with very long ovipositors, which para- 

 sitizes the horntails farther south. 



There are a large number of parasitic species belonging to the 

 family IchneumonidsB. Packard collected about twenty-five 

 species, only five of which have been determined. He also records 

 two or three species of Chalcidae. Both of these groups are prob- 

 ably mostly parasitic, as the various species of moth. 



Two species of ants are recorded, the large Campanotus her- 

 culeanus, or black carpenter ant, which builds extensive nests 

 in logs and stumps and even living trees, and Formica sanguined, 

 or the "slave makers." It would be interesting to note the habits 

 of this species in the more northern latitudes. The white-faced 

 hornet, or paper-making wasp (Vespa maculata), has been recorded 

 from the more southern portions of the peninsula, and Vespa nor- 

 vegica from Caribou Island. Five species of bumblebees (Bombus) 

 have been collected, some of which have a wide band of dark orange- 

 red pile on the abdomen. There are probably a number of the 

 smaller bees, such as Andrena and Halictus, several species of 

 which often appear very early in the spring in more southern 

 latitudes. 



The order Lepidoptera, or the butterflies and moths, is not only 

 very well represented, but includes many rare and interesting 

 species. Upwards of one hundred and fifteen have been recorded, 

 of which number eighteen are butterflies. Among the latter are 

 four species of the smaller Fritillaries, Brenthusfrigga (PL, Fig. 9), 

 B. polaris, B. tridaris, and B. chariclea. They are similar in appear- 

 ance, the upper surface of the wings being reddish, marked with 

 black, while the under side of the hind wings bears a series of 



