438 APPENDIX I 



(PL, Fig. 13), Noctua, and Syngrapha. To this family belong the 

 cutworms and many other injurious species. The larvae vary con- 

 siderably in appearance, and feed upon a great variety of plants. 



The Geometridae, or measuring-worms, are so named from the 

 peculiar looping gait of the larvae, as if measuring the surface over 

 which they move. There have been recorded about twenty species. 

 The family Lipariidse is represented by Gyncephora rossii; and the 

 Hepialidae, or ghost-moths, by Hepialus hyperboreus and mus- 

 telinus. 



The family Pyralidse, numbering about eight species; the 

 Crambidae, or "close wings/' some six species; the Tortricidae, 

 or leaf -rollers, a term derived from the habit of many of the 

 larvae, with about twenty species ; and the Tineidae, which con- 

 tains the clothes-moths and a number of the leaf-miners, and rep- 

 resented by some ten species, comprise the smaller species, and 

 constitute in part what are commonly classed as the Microlepi- 

 doptera. 



The caddis-flies constitute one of the most interesting groups 

 of aquatic insects. They belong to the order Trichoptera, or 

 hairy-winged insects. At first sight many of these resemble a 

 moth, but with a closer acquaintance no one need confuse the two. 

 The peculiar habits of the larvae of the various species form one 

 of the most interesting studies of insect life. A bundle of little 

 sticks, or a tube made of coarse grains of sand, moving mysteriously 

 about the bottom of a stream or spring is apt to attract the atten- 

 tion of the most casual observer, but how few know what these are. 

 They are the cases of the caddis-worms, the larvae of the caddis- 

 flies, built to protect their soft bodies from their enemies. What 

 adds so much to their interest is that each species has a very differ- 

 ent method of house building, some preferring wood, others stone, 

 but the caddis carpenters and masons do not always build in the 

 same manner. Some place the sticks crosswise, while others 

 arrange them longitudinally; some have the curious habit of 

 decorating by fastening shells, etc., to the outside of their houses; 

 others make a case largely composed of pieces of leaves. The 

 numerous masons seem to be very particular about the size of the 

 stones and the shape and position of their domiciles. One will 

 make a beautiful tube of sand, unattached, in which it wanders 

 to all parts of the stream ; another will make a spiral tube so closely 

 resembling a snail-shell as to lead a conchologist to describe it as a 

 mollusk. One, commonly observed in running streams, is made 

 of a few small pebbles attached to a large stone. Some of the 

 dwellers in these rude homes are also fishermen and construct a 

 funnel-shaped net at their doors, with the opening upstream. 

 Their nets are made of silken threads, such as are used in fastening 



