220 KELLOGG AND BELL 



one (sometimes more) of vars. i, 2, 3 or 4 in condition called 

 66 fair," " good," or " marked "; i shows an almost complete 

 new cell ; 6 show a complete new cell ; i shows a break (inter- 

 ruption) in a vein. 



Of the 200 right hind wings: 134 show no or only " very 

 slight " variation ; 30 show at least one (sometimes more) of 

 vars. i, 2,3 or 4 in condition called " slight " ; 28 show at least 

 one (sometimes more) of vars. i, 2, 3 or 4 in condition called 

 " fair," " good " or " marked "; i shows an almost complete 

 new cell ; 6 show a complete new cell ; i shows a deformation 

 (only in less degree) like that shown in certain of the fore wings. 



Also a lot of 54 workers just ready to leave their cells, were 

 taken from the brood comb of a laboratory hive and examined 

 for variation in the venation of the wings. There was found in 

 no wing, fore or hind, right or left, a variation of the degree 

 called " slight" (as used in discussing the previous lots), al- 

 though a manifest tendency toward the appearance of a spur at 

 point 2, reaching sometimes the condition of trace or " very 

 slight "was apparent. 



Another lot of 25 workers from the cells and 50 workers just 

 issued from cells and acting as nurses (not yet having left the 

 hive at all) taken from a hive (Italians) near Stanford Univer- 

 sity was examined for variation in the venation of the wings. 

 In neither fore nor hind wings was any variation of the extent 

 called " slight." 



Thus it is apparent that it is not the action of a life and death 

 selection which accounts for the differences in the amount of 

 variation in drones and workers. As the workers in their con- 

 stant going and coming outside the hive, carrying heavy loads 

 of pollen and exposed to any dangers which slow or imperfect 

 flight might induce, as capture by birds and robber-flies, may be 

 fairly said to run much more risk in their life than the drones 

 which make but a single brief flight each day (and that not every 

 day), it might be thought or assumed that this strenuous life of 

 the workers would tend to weed out by life and death selection 

 every slight disadvantageous variation in the supporting skele- 

 ton (the venation) of the wings, all important organs in this out- 

 side life. But our workers from cells (not yet exposed to selec- 



