* STUDIES OF VARIATION IN INSECTS 26l 



spots i 1 , i r , absent. Subclass 40 : i individual with spots 4', 

 4 r absent. Subclass 41 : i individual with spot 3% absent. 

 Subclass 42 : i individual with spot 2 r , absent. Subclass 43 : 

 i individual with spots 3 1 , 3 r , absent. Subclass 44 : 2 indi- 

 viduals with spots 2 1 , 2 r , 3 1 , 3 r , absent. Subclass 45 : i indi- 

 vidual with spots i 1 , i r , 2 1 , 2 r , absent. Subclass 46 : i indi- 

 vidual with spots 5 1 , 5 r , 6 1 , 6 r , absent. Subclass 47 : 2 individuals 

 with spots i 1 , i r , i 1 , 6 r , absent. Subclass 48 : I individual with 

 spots 5 1 , 5 r , absent. 



Class D. With more than the 12 modal spots (total of 38 

 individuals). Subclass 49 : 18 individuals with one or more 

 extra spots on right elytron ; subclass 50 : 13 individuals with 

 one or more extra spots on left elytron; subclass 51 : 7 indi- 

 viduals with one or more extra spots on both elytra. 



Thus in a series of 1,031 individuals of this species (char- 

 acterized in its description as possessing 12 elytral spots) 900 

 individuals possess 12 spots of which 536 agree in showing a 

 certain common relative size of the spots which combination of 

 number and relative size is the mode ; the other 264 individuals 

 possessing 12 spots have them in various different conditions of 

 size. Of the remaining 131 individuals of the series, namely, 

 those possessing more or less than 12 spots, or having some 

 of these spots coalescing, the last condition, occurring in 8 

 different ways (combinations of coalescing spots) is present in 

 25 individuals; 70 individuals possess fewer than 12 spots, 

 this condition occurring in 28 different ways, while 38 indi- 

 viduals possess more than 12 spots, of which 18 have the 

 extra spots on the right elytron, 13 on the left elytron and 7 

 on both elytra. The total number of different ways in which 

 more than 12 spots occur is not here given but is given later 

 in the discussion of " aberrations of Htpfodamta convergens" 

 (p. 264). 



In order to test the fairness of the estimate of frequencies 

 (relative proportion) of the variations for a species, determined 

 by the inspection of a limited series, we inspected and classified 

 a second series of 751 individuals taken at random from the 

 large collection's lot from which the 1,031 individuals just dis- 

 cussed were taken. Is a series of 1,000 fairly indicative of the 



