UNIVERSITIES VS. SCIENCE. 47 



northern Europe, which now stand at the head of the world's 

 advancement. 



The native races of these countries can be followed back by 

 authentic history through all the stages of civilization, feudalism, 

 and barbarism, to the time when Julius Caesar invaded the great 

 Northland, and was everywhere met by hordes of fierce, half- 

 naked and painted savages. Here we leave written history and 

 follow up the abundant remains and traces which the prehistoric 

 tribes have left of themselves throughout Europe. 



First, we come to the builders of the mounds and tumuli 

 scattered over all these countries, and containing the bones and 

 the implements of an aboriginal people. They occupied Europe 

 for a long period, in the same manner and conditions that the 

 Indians inhabited North America for so many ages previous to 

 its discovery. 



Next, we come to the race of the lake-dwellers, who found 

 their security against wild beasts, and an advantage against 

 enemies of their own kind, in locating their dwellings on piers 

 extending out into lakes and shallow waters. Their implements 

 and the piles of their rude dwelling places have been found in 

 prodigious quantity near the shores of the lakes of central 

 Europe. Utensils and arms of bronze and polished stone, with 

 some rude pottery, show that their period was the middle ages of 

 priirfeval man. The unique location of their dwellings shows 

 that even they lived long before man had dominion over the 

 brute. 



Lastly we come to the cave-dwellers. In late years there have 

 been opened up in the bluffs which border the water courses of 

 Europe numerous caves, nearly or entirely filled with river sedi- 

 ment, in which have been found great numbers of rough stone 

 implements and a few human bones, mingled with quantities of 

 the bones of the mammoth, the woolly-haired rhinoceros, the 

 cave bear, and many other species of animals now extinct. 

 Places where these early men gathered to chip and fashion their 

 flint arrow-heads, axes, and hammers, have been found ; and their 

 location, always in or underneath the drift and gravel-beds of 

 the Diluvial period, gives evidence of the great antiquity of 

 these earliest known races. 



