EVOLUTION THE RESULT OF CHEMICAL FORCES. 109 



is nothing left but formless protoplasm. Then, in this rich store 

 of formative matter, there commences to develop an entirely 

 new and different creature, with a suctorial mouth, a simple 

 stomach for the nectar of flowers, a covering of gaudily colored 

 scales, with two long articulated legs and broad wings, in short 

 the airy and joyous butterfly. Now to my mind every metamor- 

 phosis of a larva into an imago is more of a miracle in organic 

 development than the rapid transformation of a fish into a batra- 

 chian, or an amphibian into a reptile, or into a marsupial, or into 

 the highest mamalian type. 



One of the most striking instances of great and inexplicable 

 changes suddenly supervening to the animal organization, is 

 found in the remarkable difference in the sizes of the brains of 

 the highest apes and the lowest races of men. From a great 

 number of measurements and comparisons the following capaci- 

 ties in cubic inches of the crania of averaged human races and 

 of individuals have been estimated.* 



Finns and Cossacks, 98 cubic inches ; Teutonic (German) family, 

 94; Esquimaux, 91; Negroes, 85; natives of Australia and Tas- 

 mania, 82 ; Bushmen (Hottentots), 77. The following are some 

 individual or exceptional developments : Cuvier, the naturalist, 

 114 cubic inches; Byron, 110; Napoleon and Webster, 108; an 

 Araucanian (south of Chili in South America), 115.5 ; an Esqui- 

 maux, 113; a Teutonic skull, 112.4; a Marquesan (South Pacific 

 Islands), 110.6; a Negro, 105.8; an Australian native, 104.5. 

 The skulls of prehistoric men that have been found are of the 

 average brain capacity of modern savage races. Even that of the 

 lowest cave man that has ever been found, the Neanderthall 

 skull, is estimated at 75 cubic inches. 



Now for the other side. The adult orang-utan, quite as bulky 

 as a small-sized man, has a brain capacity of only 28 cubic inches. 

 The gorilla, considerably above the average size of man, estimat- 

 ed by bulk and weight, has a brain of 30 cubic inches; the largest 

 specimen yet known had 34. The proportions average as fol- 

 lows : anthropoid apes, 10; lowest savages, 26 ; civilized man, 32. 

 From these facts we deduce the following conclusions. 



*Dr. J. Barnard Davis. Philosophical Transactions. 1869. Pas:e 513. 

 Alfred K, Wallace, in "Littdl's Living Ace." 1872. No. 1410. 



