ON BIOLOGY. 31 



lace will receive our attention in the premises. It was in 

 1876 when Wallace published the work containing his 

 scheme, and he then recognized six primary zoogeo- 

 graphical regions of the globe, and subdivided them as 

 follows: 



I. Palaearctic region, with four sub-regions: (1) North 

 Europe. (2) Mediterranean, or South Europe. (3) 

 Siberia. (4) Manchuria, or Japan. 



II. Ethiopian region, with four sub-regions: (1 

 East Africa. (2) West Africa. (3) South Africa. (4 

 Madagascar. 



III. Oriental region, with four sub-regions: (1) Hin- 

 dostan, or Central India. (2) Ceylon. (3) Indo-China, 

 or Himalayas. (4) Indo-Malaya. 



IV. Australian region, with four sub-regions: (1) 

 Austro-Malaya. (2) Australia. (3) Polynesia. (4) 

 New Zealand. 



V. Neotropical region, with four sub-regions: (1) 

 Chili, or South Temperate America. (2) Brazil. (3) 

 Mexico, or Tropical North America. (4) Antilles. 



VI. Nearctic region, with four sub-regions: (1) Cali- 

 fornia. (2) Rocky Mountains. (3) Alleganies, or East 

 United States. (4) Canada. 



As has already been intimated, these regions are prac- 

 tically independent of the question of the marine distri- 

 bution of animals. But the principles which apply to 

 zoo-oceanic areas and regions are, in the main, almost 

 identical with those laws which govern the occurrence of 

 the life-forms in the terrestrial zoogeographical divisions. 

 So that, for our present purpose, they need not be espe- 

 cially discussed here. 



With respect to the terrestrial divisions just given, and 

 using Mr. Wallace's own words, we are to note that the 

 "I. Palaearctic Region, which includes all Europe to the 

 Azores and Iceland, all temperate Asia from the high 

 Himalayas and west of the Indus, with Japan, and China 

 from Ningpo and to the north of the watershed of the 

 Yang-tse-Kiang; also North Africa and Arabia, to about 

 the line of the tropic of Cancer. This, may be popularly 

 called the European region, Europe being the richest and 

 most varied portion of it and containing representatives 

 of all the more important types; but it must not be for- 

 gotten that the region includes a much larger area in 

 Asia, and that there are many peculiar North Asiatic 

 animals. 



"II. The Ethiopian Region, which includes all Africa 

 south of the tropic of Cancer, as well as the southern 



