LECT. XI.] CAULINAR AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. 641 



rather firm stem, from the summit of which smaller 

 hairs diverge in every direction (Plate 9, fig. 16), as 

 in Marrubium peregrinum, Melhania Erythroxy- 

 lon, &c. ; or it is starlike (stellatus), being com- 

 posed of a number of simple diverging awl-shaped 

 hairs, springing from a common centre, which is a 

 small knob sunk in the cutis (ib. fig. 17), as on the 

 leaves of Marsh Mallow, Althaea officinalis. Some 

 authors have applied the term ramenta to small, 

 flat, or strap-like hairs, which are found on the 

 leaves of some of the genus Begonias ; but I agree 

 with Sir E. J. Smith *, that they "do not merit 

 " to be particularly distinguished," and form 

 merely a variety of the simple hair. 



B. Bristles, setae. These are, also, hollow 

 tubes, which are often of a different texture from 

 that of the cutis of the leaf; being rigid, sharp- 

 pointed, and either wounding the finger when it is 

 pressed upon them, or giving a very harsh, sca- 

 brous, or prickly character to the surface of the 

 stem, or of the leaves when the finger is rubbed 

 over them. They are often arranged with prickles 

 (aculei), in elementary works; but they have more 

 affinity to hairs; and, therefore, I have placed 

 them under the head of pubescence. They are 

 simple and compound. 



a. Simple bristles (setae simplices) are of two 

 kinds, the awl-shaped and the spindle-shaped. 



* Smith's Introduction^ p. 227. 

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