ABIES 



2. NoTdmanni&na, Spach. Pig. 2, <•. Tree 100-150 ft.: 

 trunk 4-6 ft. in di:im. : Ivs. flat, crowded, dark green and 

 very lustrous above, silvery white below: cones oblong- 

 cylindrical or ellipsoidal, dark orange-brown, 4-6 in. long; 

 bracts as long as or slightly longer than their scales. 

 Mountains south aud southeast of the Black Sea, and west- 

 ern spurs of the Caucasus. B.M.6992. Gng. 6:51.-Very 

 hardy; one of the most desirable firs in northern states. 



3. Cilicica, Carrifere. Tree 45-60 ft. : trunk 2-3 ft. in 

 diam. : Ivs. narrow, flat, dark green above, silvery white 

 below: cones stout, cylindrical, orange-brown, 5-6 in. 

 long; bracts rather shorter than their scales. At high 

 elevations on the Anti-Taurus of Asia Minor, and on the 

 Lebanon. A. G. 16:255. Gng. 4:113. — Begins to grow 

 early in the spring and is often injured by late frosts; 

 hardy and desirable in the northern states. 



4. amAbiliB, Forb. White Fir. Tree 100-150 ft.: trunk 

 4-6 ft. in diam. : Ivs. crowded, dark green and very lus- 

 trous above, silvery white below, occasionally stonia- 

 tiferous on the upper surface: cones oblong, dark pur- 

 ple, 3!4-6 in. long; bracts much shorterthan their scales. 

 Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, and 

 Coast Ranges from Vancouver Island to Oregon. — One 

 of the handsomest of the genus, often forming groves 

 at high elevations ; in cultivation grows slowly, and is not 

 very satisfactory. 



DD. Cones usually under 4 in. long. 



5. Slbirica, Ledeb. (A. Piehta, FoThes). 

 Tree 60-100 ft. : trunk 2-4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. 

 crowded, dark yellow-green: cones cylin- 

 drical, slender, brownish yellow, 2M-3 in. 

 long; bracts muchshorterthantheir scales. 

 Northern and eastern Russia to Kamt- 

 schatka aud Mongolia, gregarious 

 on the Altai Mountains. — Very 

 hardy, the early growth ofte 

 injured by late frosts ; in cuK 

 soon becomes thin 

 and loose in habit. 



<). balsilinea, Mill. 

 Balsam Fir. Fig. 2, 6. 

 Tree 50-80 ft. : trunk 

 17-.30in.indiam.:lvs. 

 dark green and lus- 



tree. Tr 

 of A. hi 



old under this name are nearly always forms 



8. grindis, Lindl. (j1. aTOrfi)i;is,Murr.,notForbes. A. 

 Gordoniana,CArT.). Fig.2,o. Tree200-300 ft., becoming 

 4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very 

 dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cy- 

 lindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded or refuse at the apex, the 

 broad scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate 

 and furnished with a short point. Coast of northern Cali- 

 fornia to Vancouver Island and to the western slopes of 

 the Rocky Mountains of Montana. S.S. 12:612. On. 38, 

 p. 291. R.H.1894, p. 274. — Occasional specimens are seen 

 in parks and choice grounds, but 



it rarely thrives in eastern states, 

 cc. Foliage pale blue or 

 glaucous 



9. cdncolor, 

 Lindl.& Gord. 

 {A. Zowidna, 

 A. Murr. A. 

 Parsonsidna, 

 Hort.). White 

 Fir. Fig.2,(?. 



Mm 





f. A. magnilic 





trous above, pale 

 below, rounded or 

 obtusely short- 

 pointed and < 

 sionally emargi- 

 nate, acute or acu- 

 minate on fertile 

 branches : cones 

 oblong, cylindri- 

 cal, purple, 2K-4 

 in long ; bracts 

 shorter or rarely 

 slightly longer 

 than their scales. 

 Eastern North 

 America from Labrador and the valley of the Athabasca 

 to Iowa and the mountains of Virginia. S. S. 12:610. 

 G.C. III. 17: 423, 42.'}, 431. -Wood occasionally used for 

 lumber; Canadian Balsam, or Balm of Fir, is obtained 

 from bark ; in cult, loses its beauty early. 



Var. Hudsonia, Engelm. (A. Hudsdnica, Hort.), is a 

 dwarf form. 



7. Fraseri, Poir. She Balsam. Tree 30-50 oreven 70 

 ft.: trunk reaching 2^ ft. in diam.: Ivs. flat, obtusely 

 short-pointed, twisted at the base so as to appear to be 

 crowded on the upper side of the branches, dark green 

 and lustrous: cones oblong-ovate ornearly oval, rounded 

 at the slightly narrower apex, 23^ in. long and 1 in. thick, 

 the scales dark purple, twice as wide as long and at matu- 

 rity nearly half covered by palereflexed bracts or points. 

 Mountains of Va., Tenn., and N. C. S. S. 12: 609. -Too 

 much like the balsam fir to he prized as an ornamental 



Tree 100-250 

 ft. : trunk 4-6 

 ft. in diam.: 

 Ivs. elongated, 

 stoniatiferous on the upper 

 surface, on fertile branches 

 often falcate and thickened 

 and keeled above: cones ob- 

 gray-green, dark purple or bright 

 yellow, 3-5 in. long; bracts shor- 

 ter than their scales. Western North 

 America from southern Oregon to Lower 

 California and to Utah, southern Colo- 

 rado, New Mex., Ariz, aud Sonora. S.S. 

 12: 613. G.C. III. 8:748. 749.-Of all fir trees best with- 

 stands heat and drought; very hardy, grows rapidly, 

 and the most desirable of the genus in the eastern states. 



BB. Leaf pointed, especially on main shoots, 

 and usually rigid. 



10. Vditchii, Lindl. {A. nepkrdlepis, Maxim.). Tree 

 80-100 ft.: trunk 3-4 ft. in diam.: branchlets slender, 

 pubescent: Ivs. crowded, dark green and lustrous above, 

 silvery white below : cones cylindrical, slender, dark 

 purple, 2-2 K in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales. 

 Mt. Fuji-san, Japan ; gregarious and forming great for- 

 ests, coast of Manchuria. — Very hardy in the northern 

 states, and in a young state one of the most beautiful 

 of fir trees. 



11. hom61epis,Sieb,&Zucc.{^. braehyphfflla,'Ms.xiva.). 

 Tree 80-100 ft. : trunk 6 ft. in diam : upper branches long 

 and vigorous, ultimately forming a broad round-topped 

 head: Ivs. elongated, sharp-pointed, dark green and very 

 lustrous above, silvery white below: cones cylindrical, 

 stout, dark purple, 3-3 >^ in. long ; bracts much shorter 

 than their scales. Mountains of central Japan, singly or 

 in small groves. B.M.7114. — Very hardy, and in its young 

 state one of the most desirable of the fir trees for the 

 northern states. 



12. Cephalbnica, Loud. Tree 60-70 ft.: trunk 2^ ft. in 

 diam.: Ivs. broad, rigid, sharp-pointed, standing out 

 from the branches at right angles: cones cylindrical, 

 slender, pointed, gray-brown, 5-6 in. long; bracts longer 

 orrarely shorterthan their scales. Mt.Enos, on the Island 

 of Cephalonia. Gng. 6: 49. — Hardy as far N. as south- 

 ern New York. 



Var. Apbllinis, Boiss. {A. ApdlUnis, Link.), with nar- 

 row and blunter leaves, is remarkable in its power to pro- 

 duce vigorous shoots from adventitious buds. Mountains 

 of Greece and Roumelia, often gregarious: more hardy 

 than the type in the northern states. 



