76 



APIUM. See Celej 



APLfiCTRUM (Greek, "■!"' "IS/""-). Oi-chicldreo-. A 

 small orchid, with smallish dull-colored fis, in a raceme, 

 ou a leafless scape, which springs from a large corm-like 

 tuher. Single species, in woods in the N. states. 



hyem&Ie, Nutt. Putty Root. Adam-and-Eve. Pig. 



103. Sends up a pointed green If. 2-6 in. long, whicli 



lasts through the winter, and in spring a stalk about a 



foot high, bearing a raceme of rather large greenish 



brown fls., which are succeeded by 



hanging, oblong-pointed pods (Pig. 



10;{). Hardy. May be grown in rich, 



loamy borders. Interesting, but not 



APLOPAPPUS (Greek, simplr 

 pappus}, ^yu., Saplopappiis. Cow- 

 positfv. About 115 species, mostly 

 from California and Chili. Pis. yel- 

 low, in summer and autumn. The 

 onlv species known to be in Ameri- 

 can trade is 



lanugindsus, Gray. Hardy alpine 

 herb, woolly, 4 in. high, from creep- 

 ing rootstocks : Ivs. soft, narrowly 

 spatulate, or upper linear, 1-2 in. 

 long : rays 15-20. Mts. of Wash, 

 and Mont. Int. 1889, by F. H. Hors- 

 ford. 



A. crlcoides. Hook. & Am. Shrub, 2-."> 

 ft. high: Ivs. very uumerons, filiform,' 

 those of the dense fascicles 2 or 3 lines 

 long: fls. very numerous. G.C. III. 20: 301, 



APbCYNUM (Greek for dog bane) 

 Apociiiithia. Dou-BANE. Indian 

 Hemp. Tough perennial herbs, chieflj 

 of N. Temp, zone, with oblong oi 

 ovate opposite Ivs., milkweed-like fls 

 in small cymes, and slender follicle^ 

 or pods. About 25 species, 3 or 4 nati\ e 

 to N. Amer. 



androssemifdlium, Linn. Three ft 

 or less high, usually glabrous the 

 branches spreading : lobes of coroll i 

 revolute and tube of corolla longer 

 than the calyx : Ivs. oval or o\ ate 

 short-petioled: cymes loose: fls bell 

 like, white or pink. N. states com 

 mon. B. M. 280. D. 189.-Sold by 

 dealers in native plants. Useful for 

 the hardy border. 



cannAbinum, Linn. Branches erect 

 or nearly so: lobes of corolla nearly 

 erect, the tube not longer than calyx: 

 Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, short- 

 petioled : cymes dense: fls. greenish 

 white. N. states: common.— Not 

 known to be in the trade, but apt to 

 be confounded with the above. 



APONOGfiTON (Greek name, re- 

 ferring to its habitat in the water). 

 Naiaddee(e. About 20 tropical or sub- 

 103. Fruit of Aplec- tropical water plants. Fls. in twin 

 trum hycmale. terminal spikes, wholly naked, but 

 Nearly natural size, subtended by a double row of petal- 

 like bracts. 

 distichyum, Thunb. Cape Pond-weed. Water Haw- 

 THOKN (from the fragrance). Forked spikes 4-8 in. long, 

 with several pairs of pure white bracts, borne on the 

 emersed ends of long scapes : fls. very fragrant, with 

 purple anthers : Ivs. with very long petioles, the blade 

 floating, oblong-lanceolate, round-based, parallel-veined, 

 3-« in. long. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1293. P.R. 

 1:463. P.G. 4: 106. — A charming and interesting plant. 

 In a protected pool, especially if it can be covered in 

 winter, the plant is hardy in the N., blooming nearly all 

 summer. Removed to tubs in the fall, it blooms nearly 

 all winter ; or it can be grown permanently in tubs or 

 deep pans in the house. Requires about 2 ft. of water, 



APPLE 



or out-of-doors it may have twice that depth. Prop. 

 chiefly by seeds, but fls. should be pollinated and kept 

 above water at least 24 hours afterwards, and seeds not 

 be allowed to become dry. Var. Lagr^ngei, Hort. (A. 

 Lagraitijei, Hort.), is a rare and beautiful variety, with 

 violet bracts and Ivs. violet beneath. It props, slowly. 

 R.H. 1895:380. l. H. B. 



APPLE. BosAcerp. TheApple is native to southwestern 

 Asia and ad,iacent Europe. It has been cultivated from 

 time immemorial. Charred remains of the fruit are found 

 in the prehisttoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now 

 widely cultivated and immensely variable, it is grown 

 in every temperate climate, and is the most important 

 commercial pomological fruit. 



TheApple has come from two original stems. All the 

 commonApples are modiflcations of Pijrus Mains (see 

 Pi/rus), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy, 

 irregularly dentate, short-stemmed leaves and fairly com- 

 pact clusters of wooUystemmed flowers. The crab- 

 apples are derived from Pyrus baccafa , commonly known 

 as the Siberian crab. This species is probably of more 

 northern or eastern origin than the other. It is of smoother 

 and more wiry growth, with narrower and thinner es- 

 sentially glabrous long-stemmed leaves, and more open 

 clusters of glabrous-stemmed flowers. The fruit is small 

 and hard, and the calyx- lobes fall at maturity, leaving the 

 eye or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids be- 

 tween these species have given the race of large-fruited 





104 A ten year old Nebraska Apple orchard 

 The trunks aro protected from the sun by board jacket?,. 



crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are 

 examples. This race is known to botanists as Pyrus 

 prunifolia. CertainApples are native to North America. 

 Two species, Pyrus Joensis and P, corotwria, are of in- 

 terest to the poraologist. The former is the prairie- 

 states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of 

 growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resem- 

 blance to forms of Pyrus Malus, The fruit is spherical 

 or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and re- 

 mains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-states 

 crab, Pyrus coronar'ia, is distinctly flattened endwise, 

 and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often 

 three-lobed. There are no improved varieties of this 

 eastern species, and no authentic hybrids between it and 

 the common Apples. The fruit is sometimes used by set- 

 tlers, but it has little comestible value. Pyrus loensis 

 has produced a number of promising hybrids with the 

 common Apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pyrus 

 Soulardi. The Soulard crab is the best known of these. 

 Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pomo- 

 logical value of the native crabs is prospective. For 

 a completer account of the native Apples, see Bailey 

 "Evolution of our Native Fruits." 



The most perfect Apple region of this country — consid 

 ering nroductiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes, 

 longevity of tree — is that which begins with Nova Scotia 

 and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan. 

 Other important regions are the Piedmont country of 

 Virginia and the highlands of adjacent states, the Plains 

 regions, the Ozark and Arkansas region, and the Pacific 



