216 



CALIFORNIA 



CALLIANDRA 



of Coast Range and Sii-rra, lianlly as yet one-tenth oc- 

 cupied, comprise fully 'JJ.IKId. 110(1 acres; in timber and 

 fine grazing lands, iMpalili- <4' pirpetual renewals, are 

 12,000,000 acres; high muuutaius cover some 13,000,000 

 acres; arid lands, often yielding enormously under irri- 

 gation, or slowly conquered by neutralizing their super- 

 abundant alkali, occupy about 10,000,000 acres. Over 

 these great areas every wind current, every mountain 

 spur, every alteration in slope or altitiide, helps to make 

 a local climate. The complicated geological develop- 

 ment of California has priidnced soils almost as varied 

 as its local climates. Stilt, tltr staff can be conveniently 

 divided into five chararhiistic rliniate-zones; in the 

 high Sierras the mean a]iiiual ft-Tiiperature is from 80° 

 to 44°; in the lower Sierras it is from 44° to 52°; near 

 the Pacific ocean it is from 52° to 67°; in the central 

 valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin it is from G0° to 

 68°, and in the southern counties from 68° to 72°. But 

 every part of California shows very sharp horticultural 

 contrasts upon farms not a mile apart. Local climate is 

 the key-note of California life. Placer county, for in- 

 stance, extends from the center of the Sacramento val- 

 ley east to the summit of the Sierras. It has upland 

 Canadian valleys, pines and snow-blockades at one end; 

 groves of oranges and lemons in the Sierra foothills, and 

 rich alfalfa fields along the " bottoms " of the Sacramento 

 valley rivers. See Fig. 317. 



Statistics are apt to be dull reading, but the horticul- 

 ture of California can be shown only by some of its re- 

 sults in recent years. Let us glance at a few of the 

 records. Take the well-known industrv of raisin-mak- 

 ing. In 1873, 120,000 pounds were i.niihici-d in Califor- 

 nia. By 1894 this cro). had gmwii t.. 1(1:1, IKK), Odil i.ouuds. 

 The interstate sliipmcnts of fnsli fruits. hft;inning late 

 in the seventies, rose by 1804 to nearly 180,000,000 

 pounds. The interstate shipments of dried fruits rose 

 between 1884 and 1897, from about 2,000,000 pounds to 

 1,50,000,000 pounds. During the same period of only 13 

 years, the product of beet-sugar increased from about 

 2,000,000 to over 70,000,000 pounds. Oranges, for many 

 years a noted California product, rose between 1884 and 

 1898, from 850,000 boxes to 4,640,000 boxes. Turning to 

 some other separate industries, in 1897 the dried apricot 

 crop was over ,S0,000,000 pounds, the prune crop was 

 over 97,000,000 pounds, the dried peach crop was over 



ARIZONA 



Fig. 317. Horticultural regions of California. 



27,000,000 pounds. The wine-production of the state in 

 1897 was 34,500,000 gallons. The pack of canned fruit 

 in 1898 was 2,000,000 cases. In 1893, in a very careful 

 tabulation of the area planted to fruit-trees and vines, 



made by me for the Popular Science Monthly, I esti- 

 mated as follows: 



Kind Acreaui' 



Citrus and semi-tropic [t.i.oon 



Deciduous fruits "JOd.ooil 



Nut-beariug trees •J't.aoo 



Grapes I!ll.<i:i3 



Small fruits 5.081 



Total 517,014 



At the usual distances of planting, this would give 

 48,000,000 fruit trees and about 240,000,000 grape-vines. 

 Since 1893 nearly six years have passed, and yet the 

 acreage has not greatly gained. Some vineyards and 

 worn-out orchards liavp been destroyed. The area in 

 small fruits lia^ macly iloiilil. d. 'I'lir . itrus and semi- 

 tropic fruits liavi- soiiirwiiat (iH-irasr.l iu area. There 

 have been seasons of In avy Irosts and of light rainfall. 

 The industry has heeu less generally profitable during 

 recent years. A multitude of lesser horticultural occu- 

 pations have attracted attention. 



Among these new hortii-ulliual industries i.t the last 

 decade or so arc tlii> ixtcnsivc growth ot trio, tlower and 

 vegetable seeds, ..f rut-llow.rs, of vo^'ital)l(s atid of dec- 

 orative plants. Califin-i(ia has always had important 

 nurseries and large market-gardens, but there is now a 

 tendency to specialize more than ever before, and to 

 supply, in many departments, the markets of America 

 and Europe, Portugese, Italian, Chinese and Japanese 

 peasants have settled in large ininiliers in the richer 

 districts of California, introilueiiig their special horti- 

 cultural industries. Large farms and orchards are still 

 profitable, but every year the small, well-tilled plots in- 

 crease in number and relative importance. 



Charles H. Shinn. 

 CALIFORNIA POPPY is Jisclmcholtzia. 



CALIFOKNIA YELLOW BELLS is Ewmenanlhe 

 pendulif/ora. 



CALlMERIS (Ureek, beautiful arrangement). Com- 

 pdtiitm. A few Asian herbs, often united with Aster, but 

 horticulturally distinct, and dift'erlng from that genus 

 in the hemispherical involucre of few, nearly equal, 

 scarious-margined bracts, and broad, convex receptacle. 

 Akene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth, 

 suited to the border in front of stronger plants. 6'. Ta- 

 tarica is described in the genus Heteropappus. 



inclsa, DC. {Aster inclsus, Fisch. ). One to 2 ft., erect, 

 corymbose at the summit : Ivs. lanceolate, remotely in- 

 cise-dentate : scales of involucre red-margined : fls. 

 large, purple-rayed or almost white, and yellow-centered. 

 — Of easy culture in any good soil, making a display 

 throughout July and Aug, The commonest species, 



AltMca, Nees (Aster Altdicus, Willd,), Lower, pu- 

 bescent or hispid : Ivs. linear-lanceolate and entire : 

 scales of involucre pubescent and white-margined : rays 

 narrow, blue. l H. B. 



CALIPHKUKIA. See CalUphruria. 



CALLA (ancient name, of obscure meaning). Aroidew 

 A monotypic genus, containing a native bog-plant with 

 a white spathe. Herbs, with creeping rhizomes and 2 

 ranked Ivs. Differs from Orontium in the parallel sec 

 ondary and tertiarv veins of the leaf-blade. See Ifich 

 ariUa for C. yEthiirpica, albomacuhita, EUiottinnu, and 

 nana. The Calla of florists, or Calla Lily, is Richardia, 



paliistrls, Linn. Fig. 318. Rhizome bearing many dis 

 tichous Ivs. one year, the next only 2 Ivs. and the pe 

 duncle : petioles cylindrical, long-sheathed : blade cor- 

 date : spathe elliptical, or ovate-lanceolate, white. Eu., 

 N. Asia, and E. N. Amer. B. M. 1831. — An interesting 

 little perennial plant, useful for outdoor ponds. 



Jared G. Smith. 



CALLIANDBA (Greek, beautiful stamens). Legu- 

 tnlnbsa'. Trojdcal American shrubs, distinguished from 

 Acacia by the jiresence of a thickened margin on the 

 pod. Lvs. bipinnate; Ifts. numerous: fls. usually borne 

 in globose heads ; corolla small, obscured by the nu- 

 merous, long, silky, purple or white stamens. Cult, In 

 S. Calif., and prop, by cuttings. 



