PARK 



ways for those on foot mul on wheels. 

 The simplest type has a broad drive in the 

 center with a walk on either side separated 

 from the drive by a belt of turf and it is 

 always shaded by trees. Frequently, two 

 driveways are provided with a broad space 

 between containing trees and turf, and 

 sometimes foot paths, bicycle paths, bridle 

 paths or other conveniences, and often 

 shrubs, flowers, statues and other decora- 

 tions. A further development is arranged 

 like the first form, with the addition of 

 narrow streets for house frontage on each 

 side and with an enlargement and elabo- 

 ration of the planting spaces between the 

 middle and side drives. Of recent years 

 some boulevards have been made to pro- 

 vide for electric car tracks upon a special 

 turfed reservation with rows of trees, 

 where the cars can attain high speed with 

 little danger of collision with other vehi- 

 cles. Such reservations are generally be- 

 tween two ruadutiys. but in some sub- 

 urliaii .listiii-ts. iictably in the city of 

 Rix'hi-sti-r, .. >iii;.'le-track reservation is 

 placed on either side of a single roadway 

 between the curb and the sidewalk. A 

 parkway, so far as it can be discriminated 

 from a boulevard, includes more breadth 

 of turf or planted ground and includes, 

 usually, narrow passages of natural scen- 

 ery of varying width, giving it a some- 

 what park-like character and inducing a 

 less formal treatment of the roads, paths 

 and accessory features. Parkways are 

 frequently laid out along streams so as 

 to include the natural beauties of brook or 

 river scenery and to preserve the main 

 surface-water channels in public control, 

 thus providing for the adequate, economi- 

 cal and agreeable regulation of storm 

 drainage and Hoods. 



(i. Outhfing reservations of almost un- 

 developed country scenery, usually from 

 51)0 to 5,000 acres in extent, are wisely 

 included in the park systems of some of 

 the larger cities on account of the in- 

 creasing difficulty of reaching the un- 

 spoiled scenery of the open country, and 

 because, otherwise, the increasing num- 

 bers of people seeking such scenery upon 

 the outskirts of the suburbs secure their 

 I>leasure at a constantly increasing dis- 

 comfort to themselves and to the private 

 hiiidowiier-i upon whose property they are 

 fcin-ed t>> trespass. The most notable of 

 such reservations in America are those 

 of the Boston Metropolitan District, com- 

 prising four forest reservations with a 

 total area of a little over 10,000 acres, with 

 17 miles of connecting parkways. The 

 most notable of such reservations in 

 Europe are those of London, especially 

 Epping Forest (5,346 acres) and Rich- 

 nintui Park (2,.358 acres); and those of 

 Paris, amounting to about 20,000 acres, 

 c'liieHy maintained, not by the city, but by 

 the national government. 



3Iaiiayeme>it.— The most generally 

 adopted and most successful method of 

 managing city parks in the United States 

 is by an unpaid commission of three to 

 five members appointed for terms of three 

 or five years and retiring successively, 

 so as to maintain continuity of policy 

 and comparative independence of local 

 political changes. The commission ap- 

 points as executive officers a secretary 

 and a superintendent, the latter having 

 some technical skill, and each devoting 

 his whole time to the work and receiving 

 a salary. Under the orders of the super- 

 intendent, who receives his instructions 



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