PHORMIUM 



scarlet, but in natural forms varvint; almost to pure 

 yellow; perianth lH-21 lini-s loni:. H.M. .ll'.lil. Gn. 50, 

 p. 369. A.F. i:i:74S. K.H. ISkS:,-,. V. i:i::i40. Gn. 20, 

 p. 397. — Var. atropurpiireum has rcihlisli purple foliage. 

 R.H. 1877, p. 389. Var. atropurpiireum variegatum is 

 alleged to be a "veritablf fountain of wiiitr, purple and 

 rose color." Var. nlgro-pictum (jV. jni t-pnninn tiigro- 

 limbatum, Hort. Saul?). Lvs. deep green, with a nar- 

 row margin of blackish purple, which becomes broader 



PHOTOGRAPHY 



1313 



1767, Phormium tenax. 



and more distinct towards the base, making in mature 

 plants a zigzag line which outlines the 2-ranked habit 

 of the Ivs. Var. variegS.tum has fls. striped creamy 

 yellow and white. R.H. 1878, p. 86. Var. Veitchianum 

 (var. VHtcliil and P. Veitchihnnm, Hort.) has itroad 

 creamy white stripes on a light green ground. A. P. 5:39. 

 The type and varieties all have the red margin and the 

 variegated forms are all smaller than the type. 



AA. Lvs. %-iy2 in. widCf scarcely split at apex. 

 Cookianum, Le Jolis. A smaller plant: lvs. 2-3 ft. 

 long: scape 3-0 ft. high: perianth 12-15 lines long, yel- 

 lower than the above. Var. yarieg&tum has yellowish 

 white stripes. P.M. 1874:112. ^ jj 



PHOSPHATE. This word is often used by f.armers 

 as synonynmus with commercial fertilizers. Consult 

 Fertilitij, Fertilizers and Manures, 



FHOTINIA ( Greek, /)7;ofeinos, shining; alluding to the 

 shining foliage). \yic\vLAvag Heteromeles and Pourtliit^a 

 HosAceo'y tribe Pbmea^. Ornamental evergreen or de 

 ciduous shrubs, with alternate, usually serrate lvs. 

 white fls. in sometimes very large corymbs, and very dec 

 orative red or scarlet f r. The evergreen species are ten 

 der in N. Eng., and bear only a few degrees of frost; but 

 the deciduous P. villosa is hardy as far north as Massa- 

 chusetts, and is very conspicuous in fall by the scarlet 

 fall coloring of the foliage and afterwards by the 

 numerous scarlet fruits, which retain their bright color 

 until midwinter and are not eaten by birds. Of the 

 evergreen species, P. arhntifojia, which is very similar 

 to P. scmilaia and also to P. glabra, is the best known; 

 it is a very striking object in winter, with its large 

 clusters of bright red fr. ripening in December and 

 contrasting well with the glossy dark green foliage. 

 The Photinias are not very particular as to soil, but 

 thrive best in a rather light, sandy loam, and the de- 

 ciduous ones prefer sunny positions. Prop, by seeds 

 or by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass and 

 by layers ; also by grafting on hawthorn or quince. 

 About 20 species distributed from Japan and China to 

 India and Java, 2 species in Calif, and Mex. Shrubs, 

 rarely small trees with stipulate lvs. : fls. in corymbs or 

 short panicles; petals 5, orbicular; stamens 10-20; 

 styles 2, rarely 3 or 4, connate at the base : fr. a small 



1- or 2-seeded pome. Closely allied to the Aria group of 

 Sorbus and only distinguished by the top of the fr. 

 being rounded and hollow. 



A. 1/vs. decid^ious : fls. in corymbs. 



villbBa, DC. (P. varidbilis, Hemsl. Pourthlma 

 villosa, Decne. Hdrbiis termiiidlis, Hort.). Upright 

 shrub, to 15 ft., with slender spreading or upright 

 branches : lvs. short-petioled, broadly obovate to oblong, 

 cuneate, acuminate, sharply serrate, dark green and 

 glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath when 

 young, l}^-3 in. long: fls. white, in lX-2 in. broad, 

 glabrous or villous corymbs terminal on short lateral 

 branchlets; peduncles warty: fr. about % in. long, 

 bright scarlet. June. Japan, China. G.P. 1:67. — A 

 very variable species. Var. leevis, Rehd. {P. Uevis, 

 DC. Pourthicea argitta, Hort.), has narrower lvs., only 

 sparingly pubescent when young and soon glabrous, 

 glabrous inflorescences and somewhat larger fr. G.F. 

 4:377. 

 AA. Lvs. evergreen, glabrous: fls. in large panicles 



semilita, Lindl. (P. gUtbra.var. Chinhisis, Maxim. 

 Cralirgns glabra, Sims, not Thunb.). Shrub, to 20 ft.: 

 lvs. with petioles about 1-in. long, oblong, usually 

 rounded at the base, acuminate, serrulate, dark green 

 and shining above, yellowish green beneath, 5-7 in. long: 

 panicles to 6 in. broad: fls. 34 in. across; stamens 20: 

 fr. globose, K in. across, red. May-July. China. B.M. 

 2105. L.B.C. 3:248. Stands fairly well in Washington. 



glihra, Maxim. (Cratmgus gWbra,T)x\\Ta\>.). Shrub, 

 to 8 ft.: lvs. on about K-in. long petioles, elliptic or 

 obovate to oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, acumi- 

 nate, serrulate, 2-4 in. long: panicles 2-4 in. across: 

 fls. /i) in. across; stamens 20: fr. subglobose, red. May- 

 July. China, Japan. 



arbuti!dlia, Lindl. {Reteromeles arbutifdlia, Roem. 

 Cralinjns arbtitifdlia, Ait.). Toyon. Tollon. Shrub or 

 small tree, to 20 ft.: young branches and inflorescences 

 usually tomentulose: lvs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 

 acute at both ends, sharply serrate, shining above, 2-4 

 in. long: fls. white, in 2-5-in. broad panicles; stamens 

 10 : fr. bright red, % in. across. June, July. Calif. 

 S.S. 3:193. B.R. 6:491. -Called Christmas Berry in 

 Calif., where the fruits are much used for Christmas 

 decoration. 



P. arguta. Wall. (Pourthifea arguta. Decne.). Closely allied 

 to P. villosa: lvs. longer and narrower, firmer, densely white- 

 tomentose beneath when young: corymbs larger. Himal.— P. 

 elUptica, Nichols., is Eriobotrya elliptica, Lindl., a Himalayan 

 species not in cult, in this country. — P. Jap6nica. Nichols. = 

 Eriobotrya Japonlca. Alfred Rehder. " 



PHOTOGRAPHY, HOKTICULTUEAL. Plate XXIX. 

 As a means of .losrri|ilioii aii.l of record, photography 

 is of great im]iortaiice to liorticulture in all its branches. 

 A reference to magazines and to trade catalogues of the 

 day shows a growing use of the "half-tone" engraving 

 process; and these engravings are merely photographs 

 transferred to a copper plate, and by means of minute 

 chemically-etched dots given a printing surface for the 

 typographic press. Many other illustrations — notably 

 many in this Cyclopedia — are adapted from or drawn 

 directly from photographs, being then engraved by an- 

 other photographic etching process on hard zinc. To a 

 limited extent, photographs are also printed on the pre- 

 pared surface of boxwood blocks, and used in lieu of a 

 drawing as a sketch for the wood-engraver. « 



Every experiment station and agricultural college 

 finds in photography an indispensable adjunct both to 

 its records and to its descriptive work. For the botanist, 

 photography provides both an uniquely accurate means 

 of recording plant details, and of portraying the appear- 

 ance of the growing plant in its habitat." A photographic 

 herbarium represents the living plant more adequately 

 than the usual dried specimens. Some of the larger 

 nursery and seed establishments are also coming to 

 maintain photographic equipments, in order that they 

 may readily preserve views of the varieties which it 

 is desired to advertise. In horticultural journalism 

 photography is of prime importance. In advanced 

 collegiate institutions and at the meetings of various 

 progressive horticultural societies and institutes, the 

 presentation of photographs by means of the stereopti- 



