FRAXINUS 



oblong-ohovate, crenately serrate, or entire. 14-1 in. long: fr. 

 linear-oblong, emarginate. S.S. 6:262. ii.F. lAol.—F. Mariisi, 

 Hook. f. AUieil to F. Bungeana. Shrub: If ts. 5, almost sessile, 

 obovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or serrate, acute, 1-3 in. 

 long. China. B.ll. 6678.—/'. oxycdrpa, Willd. (¥. oxyphylla, 

 Bieb.). AUied to P. parvifolia. Tree, to 60 ft. : Ifts. 5-11. lanceo- 

 late, serrate, pubescent along the midrib beneath. IK-^ in. long: 

 fr. oblanceol.ate, acute. S. Eu.. W.Asia. — F. profunda. Bush. 

 Allied to P. Penusylvanica. Lfts. 7-9. oblong-laneeoiate. acumi- 

 nate, entire. 3-6 in. long, tomentose beneath: fr. 2-2}-i in. long, 

 with decurrent wing. Ark.,Mo.—F.raibocdrpa,Rege\. Shrub: 

 lfts. 3-7, oblong or oblong-obovate, usu.ally entire, obtuse, 1-2 in. 

 long: fr. strongly falcate, with obovate not decurrent wing. 

 Turkest.an. Biicbar.— J'. Begell, Dipp. Probably only var. of 

 P. potamophila, with darker green, broader and less acute 

 lfts. Turkestan.— F. rhiinehcipliiilla, Hanoe. Large tree: r. 

 buds large, thickly covered with rufous tomentum : lfts. 

 5, oblong-obovate, remotely crenate-serr<ate, 2-4 in. long: 

 fls. perfect, apetalous, with a calyx. China. G.F. 6:485.— 

 F. rotundit&Ua, Lam. Allied to P. Oruus. Small tree, to 

 25 ft.: lfts. 5-9, roundish or roundish obov.ate. irregularly 

 serrate. S. Europe.— J". Sogdidna, Bge. Allied to P. an- 

 gustifolia. Small tree : Ivs. often in 3's and rather 

 crowded; lfts. 3-5. lanceolate, serrate, 2-4 in. long. Turk- 

 estan. —.F. tamariscifotla, Vahl. Allied to P. parvifolia. 

 Small tree: lfts. 9-11. short-stalked, ohlong-hmceolate, serrate. 

 1-3 in. long. W. Asia.— J". Texmsis, Sarg. Allied to P. Ameri- 

 cana. Tree, to 40 ft. : lfts. 5, broadly oval or ovate, rounded or 

 acute at the apex, 13^-2K in. long. Te.\as. S.S. 6:270.-F. Tftco- 

 phrdsti, Nouv. Duh., is a var. of P. Omus. but in gardens other 

 forms are sometimes cult, under this name.— F. Ttirkcstdnica , 

 Carr.=F. Sogdiana.— F. xanthoxyloldes. Wall. Shrub or small 

 tree, to 25 ft.; lfts. 5-9, oblong, crenulate-serrate, 1-2 in. long. 

 Himalayas. Belongs to the subgenus Sciadanthus. having per- 

 fect apetalous fls. with calyx. Alfred Rehder. 



FE£i)SIA (the author of this genu.s never explained 

 the name). Jriddcere. Preesias (Fig. 809 ) are amongst 

 the dozen most popular bulbous plants for fall planting 

 and winter blooming, and next to the Chinese narcis- 

 sus, which can be grown in pure water, they flourish 

 in home windows with less care than most other 

 bulbs. They have tubular fls., white or pale yellow, 

 borne in a pretty fashion that makes them amongst 

 the most highly individualized of ail garden plants. 

 The 5-7 fls. are upright and strung along a jointed axis 

 which is suddenly bent back almost at right angles to 

 the vertical peduncle. (This habit is an accentuation of 

 that of Tritonia, from which Freesia is essentially dis- 

 tinguished by the 2-cut style.) Of the splendid and 

 almost numberless bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope 

 (including the iris, amaryllis, and lily families) Free- 

 sias are, next to gladiolus, the most popular, though 

 not so variable as Ixias. This popularity is a growth 

 of the last quarter century or less, though Freesias have 

 been in cultivation since 1816 or earlier. Conservative 

 botanists now suppose that the Freesias are all origi- 

 nally of one stock, which species should be called .P. 

 refracta. The extremes of variation iu form are shown 

 in Figs. 869 and 870, from the long and slender tube of 

 var. alba to the short and broader tube of var. Lv'n-ht- 

 liuii. One of the earliest pictures of the plant is that iu 

 the Botanical Register for 1816 (Plate 135, as Tritonia 

 refrncia), a part of which is reproduced in Fig. 870 to 

 show the great irregularity of the corolla lobes at that 

 early period, and the straggling habit of the fls., some 

 pointing down and others up. The colors in the plate 

 are unattractive, almost repulsive, being a sickly green 

 throughout, with a strong orange color on the tips of the 

 3 lower lobes. The garden evolution of the Freesias has 

 proceeded along two lines. The greatest effort has been 

 expended to produce a pure white flower, and in the best 

 strains the white color is mostly associated with a 

 long and slender tube. The ideal of a yellow flower is 

 less popular, and is mostly associated with the shorter 

 and broader tube. In botli cases the forms with strae- 

 gling inflorescence and irregular corolla lobes have 

 been relentlessly suppressed. One may easily see how 

 strongly 2-lipped and gaping were the flowers of 1816, 

 and how strongly the tube was bulged upon one side. 

 Any tendencies toward such forms in modern bulbs are 

 signs of degeneration or carelessness somewhere. In 

 pedigree plants the lobes are beautifully rounded and 

 the flowers symmetrical. Perhaps the most charming 

 picture of the two prevailing ideals is Plate .347 of the 

 Garden, vol. 22, 1882. One of the earliest pictures of 

 the short- and broad-tubed yellow type is that in L.B.C. 

 19:1820, published in 1832 as Trifdnia odordta. The 



FREESIA 



609 



probable course of evolution and degeneration in Freesias 

 is pictured in Gng. 7:197 and A. P. 14:1179. In the pur- 

 suit of either ideal, the yellow spots have been con- 

 sidered objectionable. The original stock seems to have 

 a trace of violet color, which sometimes shows itself in 

 varying intensity, sometimes in spots or lines, some- 

 times in a suffused tint. Lately some fine effects are 

 said to have been secured with this minor color, but 

 it is doubtful if the violet hue will ever produce any- 

 thing of the first importance. Less important pictures 

 of Freesias are in Mn. 8, p. 87. A. G. 17:539. Gn. 51, p. 

 304. G.C. III. 3:588; 19:391,392,397. The writer has 

 not seen the older figures in Jacq. Ic. t.241. 

 Redouti5, Lil. t. 419 and Gt. 808: For garden 

 monographs,seeGng.7:196,andGn.22, p. 94. 



The following points 

 are taken with only tri- 

 fling changes from I'\ 

 A. Waugh's 

 Freesias in Gng. 7:196 : 

 "As a florist's flower the 

 white Freesias are most 

 valuable, the whiter the 

 better. The original type 

 of Freesia refracta evi- 

 dently had a strong ten- 

 dency toward the yellow 

 color; this keeps turning 

 up with great persistence 



I refracta. 



1816. with a 

 modern flower of 

 alba at the left. 



F. refracta i 



There is 



always a certain percent of yellow mixture, even in the 

 finest strains. Sometimes it is only 2-3 per cent ; some- 

 times it is 50 per cent; usually it runs about 5-10 per 

 cent. The causes of this are not certain. A Californian 

 makes a quasi admission of the allegation that Ameri- 

 can grown stock shows more yellow than the European 

 grown, and suggests that the strong sunlight of his 

 state accounts for the tendency toward yellow fls. Ex- 

 periments by V. A. Clark show that the yellow color is 

 formed under the direct oxidizing influence of sunlight. 

 In general it seems that the greater amount of yellow is 

 correlated with stronger growth. Plants which grow 

 very vigorously show darker green leaves and more of 

 the peculiar sulfur color. White flowers are often, like 

 white leaves, a sign of weakne.*is in the plant. This 

 makes it diflicult to keep a stock of Freesias vigorous 

 and at the same time selected to a high degree of purity 

 as regards the flowers." 



Freesias are much forced by florists, chiefly for cut- 

 flowers at Christmas. If cut when only 2 fls. are out, 

 the rest will open. They can be had in flower from 

 Christmas until June by successional plantings from 

 Aug. to Feb. For the best results the largest and high- 

 est priced bulbs should be planted as early as Aug. One 

 of thj strong points of Freesias, however, is that plant- 

 ing may be delayed longer than with many other bulbs. 

 Bulbs may be dried off gradually in the pots and kept 

 dry during summer. Repot; thelarger bulbs will bloom, 

 but will not give so good results as medium size imported 

 bulbs not previously forced. 



