308 



CHRYSANTHEMUM 



5. Standards differ from bush plants in having one 

 stout, self-supporting stem, instead of many stems. 

 They require the same culture as bush plants, with the 

 exception that they are not stopped, but allowed to 

 make one continuous growth until 3, 4 or 5 ft. high, and 

 are then treated the s,arae as bush plants. They will 

 require the same attention as to stopping and tying to 

 secure symmetrical heads. 



6. Pyramids are only another form of bush plants, 

 and it is optional with the grower which form he prefers. 



Subsection III. — Culture of Chrysanthemifms for the 

 production of new varieties. 



The object of seed-saving is the improvement of exist- 

 ing varieties. It is not conclusive, howf\-pr. tluit all seed- 

 lings will be improvements ; in fact, it is fur from this, 

 as the greater portion are inferior to tlieir iuitecedents. 

 Only those who give the most careful consideration to 

 cross-fertilization are certain of marked success. Hand- 

 hybridized seeds possess value over those haphazardly 

 fertilized by wiii.l uml iiisc-ts only aivonliiig to the de- 

 gree of intriliKciiir riiij.l.ivcil in tlic si-lcctii)n of parents. 

 What the rrsult will l..«ii.n awliit.- Il..«-,r is f,-rtilized 

 with a yellow one, the operator cannot determine at the 

 outset. It may be either white, yellow, intermediate, or 

 partake of some antecedent, and thus be distinct from 

 either. Improvements in color can be obtained only by 

 the union of colors, bearing in mind the laws of nature 

 in uniting two to make the third. Red upon yellow, or 

 vice-versa, may intensify the red or yellow — give orange 

 or bronze, as nature may see fit. The operator is more 

 certain of improving along other lines, such as sturdi- 

 ness or dwarfness of grow'th, earliness or lateness of 

 bloom, or doubleness of flowers. The selection of those 

 most perfect in these particulars is very sure to give 

 similar or improved results. Always keep a record of 

 this work showing the parents of a seedling. The satis- 

 faction of knowing how a meritorious variety was pro- 

 duced more than pays for the trouble, and may lead to 

 further improvements in certain lines. The operation 

 begins when the flower is half open, cutting the petals 

 off close to their base with a pair of scissors, until the 

 style is exposed. Should the flower show signs of having 

 disk or staminate florets, remove these with the points of 

 the scissors and thus avoid self-fertilization. When the 

 styles are fully grown ami ili'veloju'd. the niijier sur- 

 face or stigma is in coiidition t<i riM'i-ivi' tlie ])i)llen. By 

 pushing aside (with the tlmmli) the ray florets of the 

 flower desired for pollen, the disk florets which produce 

 the pollen will become visible. The pollen may be col- 

 lected on a camel's-hair pencil or toothpick and applie(J 

 to the stigma of the flower pn-viously prepared. If a 

 toothpick be used, luvc-r use it for nicu-e tlian one kind 

 of pollen. By all<.winf,' tlie caiiu-rs -hair ].c'iicil to stand 

 in an open-mouthed vial of alcohol a few moments after 

 using, it may be again used, when dry, upon another va- 

 riety without fear of the pollen of the former operation 

 affecting the present. Cuttings struck in June and July 

 and grown to single bloom in 4-inch i>ots are the most 

 convenient for seeding. Such flowers, if not given too 

 much feed, are more natural and furnish abundance of 

 pollen, as well as being easier to trim than the massive 

 blooms produced for the exhibition table. The poUenlzing 

 should be done on bright, sunny days, and as early in the 

 day as possible. As soon as the seed plants are trimmed, 

 they should be placed by themselves to avoid I'crtiliza- 

 tion by insects, and should there remain until thr seeds 

 are ripe. Keep the plants rather on tin- .hy siile. and 

 give abundance of air. Seeds, wbirh ii|irii in n to G 

 weeks, should br sav.d wit]i..nt .l.lax . an.l .•aivfiilly la- 

 belled. In sowiiis; sr,-ds, th.y sli..nl.l I.,- r,.v.n-d very 

 lightly and kept in a temi>erat\ire of fiO'^. ^\'Ilen the seed- 

 lings are large enough to handle easily, remove to small 

 pots, or transplant further apart in shallow boxes. Chry- 

 santhemums flower the first season from seed. 

 Subsection IT.— Varieties. 



Of the long list of new varieties sent out each year, 

 but few are retained after the second year's trial. This 

 is probably due to the fact that most American growers- 

 are more interested in the connnercial vabii' nf tlie flower 

 than the curious forms or striking culcirs llii-y ]present. 

 Exhibitions have not reached the hearts of the people 

 here as in England and France, There are a few varie- 



CHRYSANTHEMUM 



ties that have stood the test for several years ; such as 

 Ivory, 1889 ; W. H. Lincoln and Minnie Wanamaker, 

 '90; Mrs. J. G. Whilldin, 'ill ; Mrs. Jerome Jones, Col. 

 W. B. Smith, Mrs. A. J. Dr.xel. .Margaret Jeffords, Jos. 

 H. White, Geo. W. Cliilds, M.rrv Mnnaivh, '!»2 ; Niveus, 

 Maud Dean, The Queen. (i..ld<-ii Wedding, H. L. Sunder- 

 bruch, Good Gracious, Pres. W. R. Smith, '93. There 

 are many other varieties that have stood the test for 4 

 or 5 years. 



It is not the purpose of this article to recommend varie- 

 ties of Chrysanthemums, but the full, .wing list includes 

 the best varieties now known. Tlie list will be valuable 

 as showing a serviceable classitication : 



Selection of varieties based upon the main types.— 



(1) Incurved: Belle Poitevine, Congo, Irma, Lorelei, 

 Mrs. T. D. Hatfield, Mongolian Prince", Mrs. Robt. Craig, 

 Mrs. L.C. Madeira. MaicrBonnaff.in. Mrs. R.C. Kingston. 



(2) Jap.ni.s, : Cliito. G.-... W. Cliilds, Goldni Gat.-, (iol- 

 den Wi-dding, .■MavHower, Modesto, Thorn. Icn, Mutual 

 Friend, Bhudi Hawk, Xiveus. Viviand Morel, Yanoma. 



(3) Japanese Incurved: Nyanza, Mrs. W. C. Egan, Eu- 

 gene Dailledouze, Georgiana Pitcher, Good Gracious, 

 Jennie Falconer, Mrs. Geo. West, Philadelphia, The 

 Queen, Mrs. Jer<inie Jones, Western King. |4) llairii : 

 (i.,l.b-n Hair. Louis Koehmer, Mrs. A. Hardy. R. Jl. Grey, 

 White Swan, Quern of Plnm.-s. (.",1 h'rfh.,;,] : Culling- 

 fordii, Dorothy Toler, Gold Standard, Aliss KlmaO'Far- 

 rell, Tuxedo, Parthenia. |(il l.^nq, A n, iii,:uf : Ada 

 Strickland, Descartes, Falei.u, .luuon, .Mania Jones, 

 Thorpe, Jr. (!) Japanese Am iin^in : i '.mdiu-, Kutrrprhse, 

 Mrs. F.Gordon Dexter, San .T..ai|uin, Suriirisr, Satisfac- 

 tion. (K) fompon: Black Di.uglass, Golden Mile. Mar- 

 the. Mile. Marthe, Mrs. Batmian. SiM.w.lr.i],, Wm. Ken- 

 nedy. {9)Pi»„p„„ .t »/<«..»,.■ Antonius, Emily Rowbot- 

 tom, Marie Stuart, Mmr. Clialonge, Mnie. Siui'tir, Queen 

 of Anemones. (l(ii fnrlif Hardi/ /'fnipcns : Bronze 

 Bride, Flora, Frederi<'k Jlarronet, Mme. Jolivart, Mr. 

 Selley, Miss Davis, Mrs. CuUiugford, Mile. Elise Dor- 

 dan, Illustration, St. Mary. (11) Single : Mizpah, Pram- 

 field Beauty. 



Selection nf cnrieties based upon color.- White - 

 Ivory, Mrs. JI. A. Rverson. :\Irs. H. Weeks. Mrs. Henry 

 Robinson, Mutual Friend, Niveus. /'/»/, -Merula, Mme. 

 F. Perrin, Helen Bloodgood. Harrv Halslev. I.,ra, Autumn 

 Glory. Amaranth, Purplish Cnois.ui. M,,,, ml,, .and the 

 like -Oasco, Mrs. A. J. Drex.l. Mrs. (ie,,. West. Elma 

 O'Farrell. Crimson - Shihm:,. I'.la.k Hawk, Geo. W. 

 Childs, John Shrimpton, Fisher's ■r..r.ii. Defender. Red 

 and i'rlh.ir. /;r„m, . /tuff-Chit-'. Nvaiiza, ('has. Davis, 

 Edwin \. Kinib.an. Buft' (ilobe. liusti.|ue, Hieks Arnold, 

 remote- Modesto. Eugene Dailleilonze, Golden Wedding, 

 Thornden, Ma.j.ir Beiinaffon. Liberty. 



Selci-lii'n of niri<tii-s ha.icil upon special uses. — Bush 

 Plants: White - Mutual Friend. .Jos. H.White; Yel- 

 low— W. H. Lincoln, C. Chalfant ; Pink — Viviand Morel, 

 lora ; Bronze-Col. W. B. Smith, Hieks Arnold ; Crim- 

 son - Geo. W. Childs, J. Shrinii.don. Sin:ile Stem Pot 

 Plantx: White - Mrs. H. Robinson, Merza ; Yellow- 

 Major Bonnaffon, H. L. Siiuderl.ru.di ; Pink -Mme. F. 

 Perrin, Morula; Bronze - Beule d'Or, Riniildo ; Crim- 

 son - Geo. W. Childs, John Shrimpton. £.rhibitioH 

 Blooms: White — Frank Hardy. Fee du (/hampsaur, Mme. 

 Carnot, Western King ; Pink — Viviand Morel, lora. Good 

 Gracious ; Yellow — Modesto, Golden Wedding, Eugene 

 Dailledouze, G. J.Warren; Bronze — Chas. Davis, Rus- 

 tique, Nyanza; Crimson— Geo. W, Childs, Shilowa, Black 

 Hawk ; Miscellaneous — Chito, yellowish bronze ; Lady 

 Hanham, golden cerise ; Mrs. Geo. West, rosy purple. 

 Commercial Blooms (based upon quality, and ease of cul- 

 ture ; White — Ivory, Mrs. Henry Robinson, Mrs. Jerome 

 Jones; Pink — Mrs. S. T. Murdock. Mme. F. Perrin, Glory 

 of Pacific; Yellow-Marion Henders.m. Major Bonnaffon, 

 Yellow Mrs. Jenmie Jones ; Crinisoii - (ie... W. Childs, 

 Shilowa, Black Hawk. Odd I'.irlctics: Lillian B. Bird, 

 Mrs.W. H. Rand, Heron's Plume, Pitcher ct Manda. Best 

 ICarlij: White — Mme. F. Bergmann, Ivory, Midge. Geo. S. 

 Kalb; Pink — Glory of Pacific, Pink Ivory, Morula, Lady 

 Playfair ; Yellow — Harry Hurrell, H. L. Sunderbruch, 

 Marion Henderson, Gulden Trophy. Best Lute : White- 

 Mrs. Jerome Jones, Vanoiua, Wm. H. Ghadwick, Merry 

 Christmas ; Pink — Francis B. Hayes, Harry Balslev, Mrs. 

 S. T. Murdock, Rlaud Dean. Yellow-W. H. Lincoln, H. 

 W. Rieman, Liberty, Yellow Mrs, Jerome Jones. 



