KAPHANUS 



RASPBERRY 



1501 



long cylindrical fleshy or soft-corky silique, with spongy 

 tissue between the globose seeds, indehisceut. The 

 genus is divided into two natural groups, one (Kaplian- 

 istrum) with the pod longitudinally grooved and con- 

 stricted between the seeds, the other (Kaphanus proper) 

 with the pod not grooved nor prominently constricted. 

 To the former group belongs R. Raphanistrum, Linn., 

 the Jointed or White Charlock (sometimes, but erro- 

 neously, known as Rape). It is an Old World annual 

 weed, now naturalized in fields and waste places in the 

 easternmost states. It is an erect, sparsely hairy herb, 

 with slender tap-root and radisli-liko Ivs., growing 

 2-3 >2 ft. high: fls. rather showy, yellowish, turning 

 white or purplish: silique 1-3 in. long, few-seeded, with 

 a long beak. It is from this species that Carrifere pro- 

 duced Radishes by means of plant-breeding (see Radish ) . 

 To the second section belongs R. sativus, Linn., the 

 Radish, generally considered to be native to Europe and 

 Asia, but unknown in an aboriginal wild state. It is 

 usually an annual, although commonly spoken of as bien- 

 nial, because the roots can be kept over winter and 

 planted the following spring. The winter Radishes 

 are truly biennial in northern climates. Radish has 

 pink-lilac or nearly white fls., and short, thick, spongy, 

 taper-pointed pods. Sometimes it runs wild in waste 

 places, and then bears a long, hard tap-root like that of 

 R. Raphanistrum. The Radish is extensively culti- 

 vated for its thick roots, which have been developed 

 into many shapes and colors. There are Chinese types 

 of Radish that have a hard root little more than 1 in. in 

 diam., and sometimes becoming nearly 1 ft. long. Some 

 forms are scarcely distinguishable from short turnips. 

 The Madras Radish (India) is grown for its soft, tender 

 pods, which are eaten raw or in pickles. The Rat-tailed 

 or Serpent Radish, var. caudatus (R. caitddtus, Linn.), 

 has enormously long pods (see 

 Fig. 2066), which are eaten 

 either pickled, or raw as Rad- 

 ish roots are. Frequently the 

 pods are 1 ft. long. The root 

 is slender and hard. This is a 

 cultural variety, coming true 

 from seed. l_ j£_ g_ 



RAPHIA. See Raffia. 



RAPHIDOPHORA. See 



RhaphidopJiora. 



RAPHI6LEPIS (Greek, ra- 

 phis, needle, and lepis, scale; 

 referring to the subulate 

 bracts). Sometimes spelled 

 Rhapliiolep is. Rosdcew. 

 Ornamental evergreen shrubs, 

 with alternate or obscurely 

 whorled, usually serrate Ivs., 

 white or slightly pinkish fls. in termi- 

 nal racemes or panicles and small pea- 

 sized black fruits. None of the species 

 are hardy north, but all are handsome 

 broad-leaved evergreens for cultivation 

 in the southern states and California. 

 They will thrive in any good, well- 

 drained soil, and if cultivated in pots, a compost of 

 sandy loam and leaf -mold or peat will suit them. Prop, 

 by seeds or by cuttings of ripened wood under glass 

 late in summer; also by layers, and sometimes grafted 

 on hawthorn. Two species in southern Japan and 

 China, allied to Sorbus and Photinia, but fls. in racemes 

 or panicles, with deciduous cal3''x; stamens 15-20; styles 

 2-3. connate below: fr. small, bluish or purplish black, 

 bloomy, with one globular seed. 



Jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. {R. ovdta, Briot). Shrub, to 

 12 ft., with stout, upright branches: Ivs. short-petioled, 

 broadly oval or obovate, obtuse or acutish, narrowed at 

 the base, crenate-serrate, dark green and lustrous^above, 

 pale beneath, floccose-tomentose when young, thick, 

 lK-3 in. long: fls. white, % in. across, fragrant, in 

 dense, tomentose panicles or racemes; petals obovate, 

 obtuse: fr. to /^ in. across. May, June. S. Japan and 

 adjacent islands. S.Z. 1:85. R.H. 1870, p. 348. Gn. 22, 



p. 43; 32, p. 20; 34, p. 158. -Var. integ6rrima, Hook. 

 Lvs. entire or nearly so, to 3^ in- long- B.M. 5510. 



Indica, Lindl. {R. rubra, Lindl. Crahvgus Tndica, 

 Linn.). Indian Hawthorn. Shrub, to 5 ft., with 

 slender, spreading branches: lvs. obovate to oblong- 

 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed at 

 the base, serrate, glabrous or slightly pubescent when 

 unfolding, l/^-2>2 in. long: fls. white or pinkish, about 

 K in. across, in glabrous or somewhat tomentose, 

 rather loose panicles; sepals lanceolate, acute, usually 

 red like the filaments; petals acute: fr. M-J^ in. across. 

 May, June. S.China. B.M. 1726. B.R. 6:408; 17:1400. 

 — A very variable species; several forms have been de- 

 scribed as distinct species, as R. Plueostemon, rubra and 

 salicifolia, Lindl. The last named, which is var. salici- 

 fdlia, Nichols., is the most ornamental: lvs. oblong- 

 lanceolate, acuminate: panicles rather large and many- 

 fld. ; stamens white or purplish, shorter than sepals. 

 B.R. 8:652. R. H. 1874:270. Gn. 9:26. ii". rK&ra, ad- 

 vertised by the S. Calif. Acclim. Asso., is Pi/racanfha 

 crenulata, which see. A hybrid between the two species 

 is R. Delacohrii, Andr6, forming a compact shrub with 

 rather large panicles of blushed fls. and the foliage in- 

 termediate between the two parents. R.H. 1900:608. 



Alfred Rehder. 



RASPBERRY is a name applied to those brambles in 

 which the fruit separates from the receptacle when ripe. 

 Plate XXXIII. Three species are of importance in 

 American fruit-growing. Rubus Idceus, the European 

 Raspberry, has been longest in cultivation and is least 

 important now in this country. Though brought to 

 America by otir forefathers among their earliest fruits, 

 and the parent of many varieties here produced, the 

 species has never fully adapted itself to the American 

 climate. Owing to this 

 fact, the work of Brinckl6 

 '^^^^>^WilLJ^ V •<' ^^^ others, in improving 

 '^" ^ * it, in the early part of 



the century, proved of 



little permanent value. The fruit 

 is of superior quality and con- 

 tinues to ripen through a long 

 period, but the plants are deficient 

 in hardiness and productiveness. 

 Rubus sfrigosns, the American red 

 Raspberry, is very like its Euro- 

 pean congener. Though slightly in- 

 ferior in quality of fruit, its greater 

 hardiness and productiveness have 

 sufficed to confine the commercial 

 growing of red Raspberries in 

 America almost wholly to this spe- 

 cies. It has been under domestica- 

 tion only within the last half of the 

 2080. Cuthbert Rasp- century. Cuthbert, the leading va- 

 berry (X%). riety, is shown in Figs. 2080, 2081. 



To show habit of fruit- Rubiis occi den talis, the black 

 bearing. Raspberry, is commercially the 



most important Raspberry in the 

 United States at the present time. It lends itself read- 

 ily to cultural methods, the plant is hardy and produc- 

 tive and the fruit is better able to meet the exigencies 

 of market demands, though relished less by most per- 

 sons, than that of the reds. The growing of black-caps 

 in field culture for evaporating has added greatly to the 

 importance of the species. This can be done where 



