1664 



SHOO -FLY PLANT 



SHRUBBERY 



SHOO-FLY PLANT. A name proposed by one seeds- 

 man for Physalis. 



SHOOTING STAR. See Dodecatheon. 



SHORE-GRAPE. See Coccoloba. 



SHORTIA (named for Dr. Charles W. Short, a 

 botanist of Kentucky). Viapensidcece. Of the little 

 family Diapensiacese, with its 6 genera and 8 spe- 

 cies, Sliortia gulacifolia is historically the most inter- 

 esting. Michaiix collected the plant in 1788 in the high 

 mountains of Carolina, but as his specimen was in fruit 

 rather than in flower, Richard, the author of Michaux's 

 "Flora Boreali-Americana," did not describe it. Asa 

 Gray examined Michaux's specimen, preserved in Paris, 

 in 1839, and afterwards founded the genus Shortia on 

 it. Great search was made for the plant in the moun- 

 tains of Carolina, but it was not rediscovered until 1877. 

 The history of the efforts to find the plant is one of the 

 most interesting chapters in American botany. For his- 



23^2. Every part of the place is equally accented. 



torical sketch, see Sargent, "Garden and Forest," vol. 

 1, p. 506 (1888). 



Torrey & Gray founded the genus Shortia in 1842. In 

 1843 Siebold & Zuccarini founded the genus Schizocodon, 

 from Japan. To this genus Maximowicz added a second 

 Japanese species, S. uniflorits; the flowers of this plant, 

 as of Shortia, were unknown when the plant was first 

 recognized. It transpires, however, that Schizocodon 

 nniflorus is really a Shortia, thus adding another in- 

 stance to the growing list of bitypic genera that are 

 endemic to Japan and eastern North America. 



Shortia includes two acaulescent herbs, with the habit 

 of Galax, with creeping rootstocks and evergreen round- 

 cordate Ivs. : fl. solitary on a slender leafless scape, the 

 calyx with scaly bracts, the corolla bell-shaped and ob- 

 tusely 5-lobed; stamens 5, the filaments adnate to the 

 corolla, alternating with 5 scale-like staminodia; pistil 

 3-angled and 3-loculed; style filiform and stigma 3- 

 lobed: fr. a globular capsule. From this, Schizocodon 

 is distinguished by linear-elongated staminodia and 

 fringed corolla. Allied genera mentioned in this Cyclo- 

 pedia are Galax, Pyxidanthera and Schizocodon. Dia- 

 pensia has two alpine and boreal species, one in the 

 Himalayas and the other in northern Europe and North 

 America. Berneuxia, the remaining genus, has a single 

 species in Thibet. Diapensia and Berneuxia are not in 

 the American trade. Shortia Californica of seedsmen 

 will be found under Actinolepis. 



galacifdlia, Torr. & Gray. Fig. 2321. Lvs. all radical, 

 long-i)etioled, the blades orbicular or broadly ovate- 

 orbicular, often slightly cordate, at the apex obtuse 

 or even retuse, the margin repand-serrate : peduncles 

 slender, .3-8 in. tall, 1-fld., bracted near the top: fl. in- 

 clined or nodding, white, 1 in. across, the obtuse lobes 

 undulate. Mts. of N. Car. B.M. 7082. G.C. II. 15:590; 

 III. 5:397; III. 17:453. Gn. 38:768. J. II. III. .30:299. 

 G.M. 34:353. G.W.F. 24. G.F. 1:509. A.G. 12:287. 

 Mn. 0, p. 83.— A very attractive plant with the look of a 

 Pyrola; very local. On the culture of Shortia qahtci- 

 folia, Harlan P. Kelsey writes as follows: "Shortia, like 



most plants considered rare, is really not so rare as 

 local, though the few stations where it is found abun- 

 dantly do not seem to present special conditions not to 

 be found elsewhere, and it is hardly understood why it 

 should, in common with certain other plants, have re- 

 mained strictly local, in an indigenous state. For the 

 successful culture of Shortia humus and leaf -mold seem 

 to be absolutely required, and it should either be planted 

 where these conditions are natural or be constantly sup- 

 plied with this food if not. This suggestion, if carried 

 out with many plants, such as Galax, Pyi-ola, Chima- 

 phila and probably Epigcea repens, will ensure success, 

 where if ordinary garden treatment only is given the 

 entire disappearance of the plants may be expected in a 

 season or two. Semi-double and pink-flowering plants 

 are not rarely found, and it seems likely that cultivation 

 may bring out several worthy varieties. In England 

 Shortia is often grown successfully as a pot-plant, and 

 is far more appreciated than in America. It is difficult 

 to procure seed, as the flowering stem usually withers 

 away before maturing, though Shortia is readily propa- 

 gated by division and runners. It is a shade-loving 

 plant and is a choice addition to the ericaceous bed, 

 where it will thrive under Rhododendrons and Kalmias." 

 unindra, Maxim. Very like S. galacifolia: lvs. cor- 

 date, broader than long and deeper toothed, — sinuate- 

 toothed in S. uviflora and only repand-toothed in S. 

 galacifolia. Japan. — Offered by importers of Japanese 

 plants, but little known horticulturally. l_ jj_ g 



SHOT, INDIAN. See Canna. 



SHOWER OF GOLD. Catalogue name for Genista. 



SHRUBBERY. Shrubs and bushes have two values: 

 an intrinsic value as individual or isolated specimens; 

 a value as part of the structure or design of an orna- 

 mented place. As individual specimens, they are grown 

 for the beauty of the species itself; as parts of the 

 landscape, they are often grown in masses, constitut- 

 ing a shrubbery. It is often advisable to plant shrubs 

 as single specimens, in order to produce the character- 

 istic beauty of the species; but the tendency is to plant 

 exclusively as isolated specimens, and the emphasis 

 needs, therefore, to be placed on mass-planting. 



Plants scattered over a lawn destroy all appearance 

 of unity and purpose in the place (Fig. 2322). Every 

 part of the place is equally accented. The area has no 

 meaning or individuality. The plants are in the way. 

 They spoil the lawn. The place is random. If the 

 shrubs are sheared, the spotted and scattered effect is 

 intensified. Rarely does a sheared shrub have any ex- 

 cuse for existence. 



A mass of planting emphasizes particular parts of the 

 place. It allows of bold and broad contrasts. It may 

 give the place a feeling of strength and purposiveness. 

 The shrubbery-mass usually should have an irregular 

 outline and generally contain more than one species. 

 Thereby are variety and interest increased. Fig. 2323. 

 The shrubbery-masses should be placed on the boun- 

 daries; for it is a fundamental concept of landscape gar- 

 dening that the center of the place shall be open. Fig. 

 2324; also Fig. 1233, Vol. II. The boundaries are the 

 lines between properties, the foundations of buildings, 

 the borders along walks and drives. Judicious planting 

 may relieve the angularity of foundations and round off 

 the corners of the yard. Fig. 2325. Individual speci- 

 mens may be used freely, but only rarely should they 

 be wholly isolated or scattered. They should be planted 

 somewhere near the borders, that they may not inter- 

 fere with the continuity of the place and that they may 

 have background to set them off. The background may 

 be a building, a bank, or a mass of foliage. In most 

 places, the mass or border-planting should be the rule 

 and the isolated specimen the exception; but, unfortu- 

 nately, this rule is usually reversed. It is not to be 

 understood, however, that boundaries are always to be 

 planted or that foundations are always to be covered. 



L. H. B. 



The term shrubbery is applied to groups of woody 

 plants of comparatively small size. The line between 

 shrubs and trees is not very definite. A shrub gener- 



