STORAGE 



1727 



STOCK, TEN WEEKS'. 

 incana, var. annua. 



See Stocks and Matthiola 



STOCK, VIRGINIAN. Malcomia maritima. 

 STOKES' ASTER. See Stokesia. 



STOKE: A (Jonathan Stokes, M.D., 1755-1831, Eng- 

 lish botar'-st). Gompdsitm. Stokes' Aster is one of 

 the rarest, choicest and most distinct of American 

 hardy perennial herbs. It is a blue-tid. plant about a 

 foot high which at first glance has points in common 

 with China asters, centaureas and chicory. The heads 

 are 3 or 4 in. across in cultivation. The marginal row 

 of flowers is composed of about 15 ray-like corollas, 

 which have a very short tube at the base and are much 

 broadened at the apex and cut into 5 long, narrow strips. 



Stokes' Aster is hardy as far north as Rochester, 

 N. Y., and Boston, Mass. Probably many persons have 

 been deterred from trying it because it is native only to 

 South Carolina and Georgia, and because it is con- 

 Bidered a greenhouse subject in some standard works 

 on gardening. The fact that it is found wild in wet pine 

 barrens is also deceptive, for the roots, as Woolson and 

 Keller testify, will decay if water stands on the soil in 

 Winter. Moreover, the plant has been praised by 

 Meehan for its drought-resisting qualities. Stokes' 

 Aster should be planted in a well-drained, sandy loam, 

 not in cold and heavy clay. It blooms from August 

 until hard frost. According to Chapman, the heads of 

 wild specimens are only an inch across, but the size of 

 heads in cultivated plants is stated by many horti- 

 cultural experts to be 3-4 in. across. J. B. Keller writes 

 that Stokes' Aster is frequently used for cut-flowers. 

 In the wild the heads are few in a cluster or solitary; in 

 cultivation a good branch sometimes bears as many as 

 9 heads. No double form seems to have appeared. 



Generic characters : heads many-fld. : marginal fls. 

 much larger, deeply 5-cut: involucre subglobose; outer 

 bracts prolonged into a large, leafy, bristly-fringed ap- 

 pendage : akene 3^1-angted, smooth : pappus of 4-5 

 thread-like, deciduous scales. 



cyanea, L'Herit. Stokes' Aster. Fig. 2403. Much- 

 branched, hardy perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high: branches 

 often purplish: lvs lanceolate; radical ones entire, 

 tapering at the base into long, flattened stalks ; cauline 

 lvs. gradually becoming sessile, the uppermost with a 

 few teeth near the base and half-clasping: fls. blue or 

 purplish blue, 3-4 in. across. Aug. -Oct. Ga., S. C. 

 B.M. 4966. Mn. 5, p. 214. R.H. 1863:211. w . M . 



STONECROP. See Sednm. 



STORAGE. Various ideals are confused under the 

 denomination of storage. There are two kinds of 

 storage: (1) Common or non-refrigerator storage, em- 

 ployed mostly for holding perishable commodities tem- 

 porarily; (2) cold storage, in which low and even 

 temperatures are maintained by some refrigerating pro- 

 cess. The common storage, without refrigeration, may 

 be again divided into two species: («) the storage may 

 be only a temporary halt, or a half-way station, on the 

 way to the shipping point, and where products are kept 

 for a day or are sorted and packed ; ( !> I it 

 may be a storing of products that are wait- 

 ing for improved market conditions, and in 

 which an effort is made to maintain a rela- 

 tively low and uniform temperature. In 

 this latter kind of storage, the low temper- 

 ature is usually secured (1) by means of a 

 cellar or basement building ; or (2) by 

 means of controlling air-currents and venti- 

 lation. This second type of storage, under 

 favorable conditions, reaches approximately 

 the same efficiency as temporary cold storage. 



A few specific examples will illustrate 

 some of the ideals and the means of at- 

 taining them. Fig. 2404 shows a cellar storehouse, 

 such as is used by nurserymen. Sometimes these build- 

 ings are employed for the storing of apples and other 

 products. Usually the floor is two or three feet below 

 the level of the ground. 



109 



The house shown in Fig. 2405 is built on a side hill, 

 and the basement or cellar is used for the storage of 

 grapes, the first floor is used for packing, and the 

 second floor or attic for the storage of baskets, crates, 

 and the like. This building measures 25x60 feet over 



J&: t : 0p:V: 





/' 



2403. Stokesia cyanea (X > 3 )- 



all. The foundation walls are 24 inches thick, and the 

 cellar is provided with ample ventilation by several 

 outside windows, and also by means of a chimney 

 that runs from near the middle of the cellar up 

 through the roof. The floor is of earth. By means of 

 careful attention to ventilation, this cellar can be kept 

 at 50° or below during September and October, and is 

 frost-proof through the winter. The windows are pro- 

 vided with close-fitting screens to keep out rats and 

 squirrels. This cellar will easily hold fifty tons of 

 grapes in the picking trays. The first floor is divided 

 into two rooms, the front one being a packing-room 25 

 feet square, and the back room a storage and shipping 

 department 25x35 feet. This front packing-room is 

 provided with heat and is lighted by seven large 

 windows. The floor above the cellar is double and 

 made of lK-inch matched pine, with an abundant air 

 space between the two layers. This, therefore, pro- 

 tects the cellar from sudden fluctuations of tempera- 

 ture. The building is also shaded, especially from the 

 afternoon sun, by large trees. This building can be 

 erected in New York for about $1,200. It has 18-foot 



2404. A half-cellar storage. 



posts, a tin roof, the two rooms in the first floor ceiled 

 with pine, but the top floor not ceiled. 



An apple storehouse in Grand Isle, Vt., is shown in 

 Figs. 2406 and 2407, and is described by Waugh (Bull. 

 55, Vt. Exp. Sta.): 



