TORRETA 



T. taxifolia survives the winters in very sheltered posi- 

 tions in the vicinity of Boston, but T. California is 

 not hardy north. The Japanese T. nucifera is probably 

 the hardiest and most desirable species, but seems not 

 yet to have been tested north. Torreyas will probably 

 grow best in shaded and sheltered positions and in a 

 somewhat moist loamy soil. Prop, by seeds; also by 

 cuttings and by grafting on Cephalotaxus. Plants 

 raised from cuttings grow very slowly and usually re- 

 main bushy. For cions, terminal shoots should be 

 selected. 



There are 4 species in N. America andE. Asia. Trees, 

 rarely shrubs : Ivs. 2-ranked, linear or linear-lanceolate, 

 with 2 narrow glaucous lines beneath, becoming fulvous 

 with age; when bruised the foliage emits a disagree- 

 able odor: fls. dioecious, rarely monoecious; staminate 

 fls. ovoid or oblong, composed of 6-8 whorls of stamens, 

 surrounded at the base by bud-scales; pistillate fls. 

 consisting of a solitary ovule surrounded at the base by 

 a fleshy aril and several scales: fr. drupe-like, 

 consisting of a rather large seed, with thick 

 woody shell entirely covered by a thin fleshy 

 aril. The hard, strong and close-grained wood ^zz 

 is much valued in Japan for cabinet-making 

 and building. It is very durable in soil. In 

 this country it has been used for fence posts. 

 Raflnesque's Tumion has recently been taken 

 up as the proper name for this genus, since 

 the name Torreya was used for other genera 

 before being applied to this; but there are 

 good reasons why none of these older Tor- 

 reyas can stand, and no useful purpose can be served 

 by replacing the present name. 



A. Lvs. linear, about % in. broad or less. 

 B. Length of lvs. %-l% in. 

 taxifdlia, Arnott (Tumion taxi fdlium, Greene). Fig. 

 2535. Tree, attaining 40 ft., with spreading, slightly 

 pendulous branches, forming a rather open pyramidal 

 head: bark brown, tinged orange: lvs. linear, acumi- 

 nate, dark or dark yellowish green above, with narrow 

 white lines beneath, %-\% in. long: fr. obovate, dark 

 purple, 1-1 K in. long. Fla. S.S. 10:512. 



bb. Length of lvs. 1-3% in. 

 Califdrnica, Torr, ( T. Myristica, Hook. f. Tumion 

 Califomicum, Greene). California Nutmeg. Tree, 

 attaining 70, or occasionally 100 ft., with spreading, 

 slightly pendulous branches, forming a pyramidal or in 

 •old age round-topped head: bark grayish brown, tinged 

 with orange: lvs. linear, slightly falcate, acuminate 

 lustrous and dark green above, 1-3% in. long: fr. ob 

 long-oval or oval, light green, streaked with purple 

 1-lkin. long. Calif. S.S. 10:513. B.M. 4780. F.S 

 •9:925. G.C. II. 24:553; ill. 5:800, 801. R.H. 1875, pp 

 76, 77; 1879, pp. 171, 172. 



AA. Lvs. lanceolate, one-sixth in. broad or somewhat 

 less. 

 nucifera, Sieb. & Zucc. Tree, usually 30 ft., but oc- 

 casionally 80 ft. high, with spreading branches, forming 

 a compact head, sometimes shrubby: bark bright red: 

 lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rigid and spiny pointed, very 

 dark green above, with 2 white lines beneath, %-iy in. 

 long: fr. ovoid, oblong, less than an inch long. Japan. 

 S.Z. 2:129. R.H. 1873, p. 315. -The Chinese T.grdndis, 

 Fort., is very similar in foliage, but said to lack the 

 •disagreeable odor of the other species. R.H. 1879, p. 



TOXYLON 



1823 



173. G.C. II. 22:081. 



Alfred Rehder. 



TORTOISE PLANT. Testudinaria Elephantipes. 

 TOUCH-ME-NOT. Impatiens aurea and biflora. 



TOURNEFORTIA (Jos. Pitton de Tournefort, 1656- 

 1708; one of the earliest systematic botanists). Bona- 

 ginacew. A large genus comprising possibly 100 spe- 

 cies widely scattered about the warmer portions of the 

 world. Mostly trees and shrubs, rarely subshrubs, with 

 alternate simple leaves and small flowers in terminal 

 Cymes. 



heliotropioides, Hook. Properly Heliotrdpium anchu- 

 saefolium, Poir. A hairy, shrubby perennial, with aspect 



of garden heliotrope but not sweet-scented: lvs. ellipti- 

 cal, obtuse, wavy -margined: peduncles terminal, 2-3 

 times branched, bearing a 1-sided, 2-ranked raceme of 

 many fls.: calyx 5-lobed, hairy ; corolla-tube yellow, the 

 limb 5-Iobed, lilac. Buenos Ayres. B.M. 3096. -Self- 

 sows and comes up in the garden spontaneously. Not 

 popular North, but a good shrubby plant in the South. 

 F. W. Barclay. 



TOWNSENDIA (David Townsend, botanical associ- 

 ate of Wm. Darlington, of Pennsylvania). Oompdsitce. 

 About 17 species of low, many-stemmed herbs, nearly 



2535. Torreya taxifolia (X : 



all of which are natives of the Rocky Mts., with linear 

 or spatulate, entire lvs. and rather large heads resem- 

 bling those of Aster; the numerous rays from violet to 

 rose -purple or white; flowering from early spring to 

 summer. The annual or biennial species have larger 

 heads than most of the perennials. Judging from the 

 literature, the largest fld. of the perennials are T. con- 

 densata, Wilcoxiana and Bothrockii, three species 

 which seem not to be in cultivation as yet. The species 

 mentioned below are presumably among the most de- 

 sirable of the genus. They are offered by collectors of 

 Colorado wild flowers. 



As a genus Townsendia is distinguished mainly by its 

 akene, which is commonly beset with bristly duplex 

 hairs, having a forked or glochidiate-capitellate apex. 

 Townsendia is practically unknown to floriculture. For 

 fuller account see Gray's Synoptical Flora of North 

 America. 



grandiflora, Nutt. Biennial or annual, 9-18 in. high: 

 stems spreading from the base: upper lvs. often linear: 

 bracts of involucre conspicuously attenuate-acuminate: 

 heads large; rays H in. long, bright blue or violet. 

 Summer. Foothills western Neb. to Colo, and New 

 Mex. 



sericea, Hook. Nearly stemless perennial with ses- 

 sile heads surrounded and surpassed by the linear lvs.: 

 heads % in. across; rays white or purplish tinged. 

 April. May. Dry hills, plains or mountains, Saskatche- 

 wan to Rockies, south to New Mex. and Ariz. — Known 

 as "Easter Daisy" in Colorado. vy_ jj 



T0XIC0PHL.EA. See Acokanthera 



TOXYLON (Bow-wood, from the Greek). Urtieacece. 

 Osage Orange. One species, a thorny North American 

 small tree, much used for hedges... Formerly known by 

 Nuttall's name Madura (named for Wm. Maclure, 

 American geologist), but Raflnesque's Toxylon has a 

 year's priority. The orange-like, inedible fruit is famil- 

 iar to children. See Fig. 2536. The tree thrives in 

 moist and rich or in ordinary or dry soils. Its roots 



