194C 



VIOLET 



VIRGINIA 



mauila paper bag and this into a second bag. Attach 

 each package to a string or wire so arranged as to allow 

 it to be lowered from the outside of the house into its 

 respective jar. Pour into each jar an amount of water 

 about equal to the bulk of cyanide in the bag, add com- 

 mercial sulfuric acid until steam is evolved, then from 

 the outside lower the bags into the jars beneath. Fumi- 

 gate double varieties thirty minutes and single varieties 

 twenty minutes, after which open ventilators from out- 

 side, leaving them open at least sixty minutes before 

 entering the house (for full information, see Circular 

 37, Dept. of Agric, Div. of Entomology). Aphides may 

 also be combated by using tobacco in some one of its 

 many forms, but tobacco is likely to weaken the leaves 

 and make them more liable to the attack of fungi, and 

 on this account is very objectionable. 



Red spider (Tetranychus telarius).— This pest lives 

 on the under surface of the leaves, and when present in 

 sufficient number causes considerable damage. It is 

 widely distributed on a great variety of plants, and 

 when established in the Violet 

 house is most difficult to com- 

 bat. It can be held in check, and 

 often the plants may be kept en- 

 tirely free from it, by frequent 

 syringing with clear water un- 

 der a pressure of 20 to 30 pounds 

 per square inch. Care must be 

 taken to syringe early in the 

 morning and on bright days, 

 so that the plants may dry off 

 before night. Neglect may be 

 the means of inducing disease. 



VIRGINIA CREEPER is Ampelopsis quinque folia. 



VIRGINIA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 2693. His- 

 torically Virginia horticulture began with the earliest 

 settlers, plantings being made on Jamestown Island in 

 1607. The London Company sent vines in 1019 and 

 scions and trees in 1622 which were rapidly dissemi- 

 nated, so that before 1700, orchards of considerable 

 size had been planted. As the settlers pushed west- 

 ward into the Piedmont section, favorable results with 

 the tree fruits became more common. In this section 

 Thomas Jefferson took an active interest in horticul- 

 ture, and from the vicinity of "Monticello," apples 

 first won their supremacy in the markets of the world. 



Virginia is separated into six main physical divisions 

 known as Tidewater, Middle Virginia, Piedmont, The 

 Valley, Blue Ridge and Appalachian. These are sec- 

 tions of varying width, extending northeast and south- 

 west through the state, with marked variations in soil, 

 altitude and climate. 



c >"' ' 





2693. Map of Virginia. Showing the six regions of interest to farmer anil fruit-grower. 



Eel worms, or nematodes (Anguillula sp.). — This 

 causes swellings on the roots of the plants known as 

 root galls. Another species attacks the buds, causing 

 them to "go blind." There is no known method of ex- 

 terminating these pests, but their injurious effects may 

 be reduced to a minimum by adopting the methods 

 recommended for controlling fungous diseases. 



Gall fly (Diplosis violico la ), violet sawfly (JSmphyhia 

 Canadensis), greenhouse leaf tier (Phlyct&nia rubi- 

 galis) and several species of cutworms (Agrotis et al ). 

 — In some parts of the country the larva? of these in- 

 sects injure the plants to some extent by feeding on 

 the foliage. Fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas is 

 the best means of combating them. 



Slugs, snails, sow bugs, etc. — Under certain condi- 

 tions these pests do considerable damage, especially to 

 the flowers. They also can be controlled by the hydro- 

 cyanic acid gas treatment. p jj Dorsett. 



VIOLET, AFRICAN. Saintpaulia. V.. Damask or 

 Dame's, is H esperis matnmalis. V.,Dog. Viola canina. 

 V, Dog's Tooth. Erythronium Dens-Cani.s. V., Water. 

 See Hotto,:i,t. 



VIPER GOURD. Tricliosanthes Angelina. 



VIPER'S BUGLOSS. See Eehium. 



VIRGfLIA Iutea. See Cladrastis tinctoria. 



VIRGINIA COWSLIP or V. Lungwort = Mertensia 

 pulmonarioides. 



Orcharding.— It is in the larger fruits that Virginia 

 horticulture has won most renown. The present pro- 

 duction of apples is about 500,000 barrels, the bulk of 

 which is produced in The Valley and Piedmont sections. 

 Piedmont, Virginia, with a varying altitude of 500 to 

 over 1,000 feet, and a soil ranging from dark red to 

 black, is famous as the producer of the most perfect 

 type of Albemarle Pippin and Winesap apples. Situated 

 in mountain coves, and on hillsides in many instances 

 barely arable, these orchards enjoy specially favored 

 conditions, and yield almost fabulous returns, an in- 

 dividual tree having produced $100 worth of fruit in a 

 season though practically uncared for. In this section 

 the apple probably reaches its greatest development of 

 tree growth, with a maximum of 9 ft. 5 in. in circum- 

 ference of trunk; 90 ft. spread of branches, and a yield 

 of 130 bus. at one picking. The Valley leads in apple 

 production, and here the largest orchards are found with 

 40.000 or more trees under one management. Limestone 

 in formation and with an altitude of from 500 to 2,500 

 feet, this section is admirably adapted to fruit culture. It 

 grows York Imperial and many other apples to perfection. 



The Blue Ridge and Appalachian sections, with alti- 

 tudes of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet and rich limestone 

 soils, have been practically undeveloped horticulturally, 

 but so far as tested are a field of rich promise. Among 

 the cultivated fruits of Virginia the apple takes first 

 rank. Early May. Red June. Early Harvest and Yellow 

 Transparent as the leading first earlies, open the sea- 

 son the latter part of June and carry the season into- 

 July, when the succession is taken up by Sweet Bough, 



