CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 101 



for dyeing a brownish-red colour : in sandy soil they attain a length of 

 many feet, and are there easily procured, but the digging for them is in- 

 jurious by setting loose the sand. Perennial : flowers in June and July : 

 grows in pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 660. Eng. Fl. 

 vol. i. p. 208. 243. 



** Fruit covered with bristles. 



15. G. boredle. Cross-leaved Bed-straw. Leaves four in a whorl, be- 

 tween egg-shaped and lance-shaped, three-nerved, smooth, with rough 



edges ; stems erect. Root creeping, reddish : stems a foot high, erect, 



square, roughish : flowers white, in numerous branched panicles. Pe- 

 rennial : flowers in July : grows in shady places, by rivers and lakes, 

 in the north of England, in Scotland, and Ireland : frequent. Eng. 

 Bot. vol. ii. pi. 105. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 209. 244. 



16. G. Aparine. Goose-grass, or Cleavers. Leaves eight in a whorl, 

 lance-shaped, keeled, rough, fringed with reflected prickles ; stems feeble. 



Root fibrous : stem branched, from two to six feet long : flowers 



few, white, in axillar panicles. Annual : flowers from May to August : 

 grows in hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 816. Eng. Fl. vol. i. 

 p. 210. 245. 



6. RU'BIA. MADDER. 



Calyx very small, four-toothed, superior. Corolla of one petal, 

 bell-shaped, with four or five divisions, without a tube. Filaments 

 awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers of two round cells. 

 Germen inferior, of two round lobes. Style thread- shaped, cleft at 

 the top; stigmas knobbed. Berry of two smooth lobes. Seeds 

 solitary, roundish, with a depression. Named from ruder, red, to 

 dye which one of the species is used. 69. 



I. R. peregrina. Wild Madder. Leaves about four in a whorl, 



elliptical, shining and smooth on the upper side ; flowers five-cleft. 



Root creeping, fleshy : stem square, branched, partly remaining during 

 the winter : flowers yellowish-green, in compound terminal panicles. 

 Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in thicket?, and on sandy 

 ground, in England : frequent. Said by Dr. Mitchell, Linn. Corresp. 

 vol. ii. p. 449, to be " plentiful all over the sandy islands on the west of 

 Scotland ;" but he must have mistaken for it Galium verum, the root of 

 which is similar, and also used for dyeing. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 851. 

 Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 211. 246. 



7. EX'ACUM. MARSH CENTATIRY. 



Calyx of one leaf, inferior, deeply divided into four equal, 

 acute segments. Corolla of one petal, permanent ; tube globular, 

 as long as the calyx ; limb four-cleft. Filaments thread-shaped, 

 attached to the tube, as long as the limb; anthers roundish, two- 

 celled. Germen oval, superior. Style thread- shaped, erect, as 

 long as the limb ; stigma knobbed. Capsule filling the tube of 

 the corolla, which remains upon it. Seeds numerous, small, at- 

 tached to a central receptacle. Named from ex, out of, and ago, 

 to drive, a plant to which the name was applied having been sup- 

 posed to expel poison. 70. 



