COMPOSITE FAMILY. 185 



59. RUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Scales of the involucre 



in about 2 rows, 'spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft. 

 Akenes short, 4-angular, marginless, flat at the top: pappus none or a short 

 even cup-border or border. Leaves alternate. 



60. LEPACHYS. Like 59, but akenes flattened, wing-margined on the inner and 



sometimes on the outer edge, 1 - 2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish. Chair' 

 short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound. 



61. DRACOPIS. Like 60, but involucre of some very small linear scales, and 



akenes terete, tapering to base, minutely striate, blunt at top, and the attach- 

 ment at one side of the base. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, clasping. 

 = = Rays rather persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, rose-purple. 



62. ECHINACEA. Rays numerous. Scales of the involucre narrow and spread- 



ing. Receptacle coiycal ; the persistent and rigid spiny-tipped chaff longer 

 than the purplish disk-corollas. Akenes thick and short, 4-sided, and with a 

 toothed border for a pappus. Leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-ribbed. 

 = = = Rays persistent on the fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and 

 fertile, of various colors. 



63. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical; the oblong chaff not longer than 



the velvety-tipped disk-corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those 

 of the ray 3-sided ; pappus of a chaffy awn or tooth on each angle, or some- 

 times hardly any. Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary, 

 terminating the stem or branches. 



2. Herbage, involucres, cf-c. dotted icith large pellucid or colored glands or oil- 

 receptacles imbedded in their substance, making the plants strong-scented: 

 involucre of one row of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup : no 

 chaff on thejlattish receptacle: Jlowers yellow or orange. 



64. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes 



elongated, flat, somewhat 4-sided: pappus of 2 or more unequal rigid chafty 

 scales, often united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs 

 very glabrous. 



65. DYS6DIA. Ravs pistillate, mostly short. Involucre with some loose bractlets 



at the base. Receptacle beset with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slender, 

 4-angled : pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough 

 bristles, so as to appear at first sight as if capillary. Leaves opposite. 



II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect. Plants 

 with milky juice. Leaves alternate. (No chaff on the receptacle 

 in any of the following.) 



1. Pappus of many minute chaffy scales, forming a short crown or cup. 



66. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double ; the outer of 



5 short and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with 

 broad summit. Stems twiggy, leafy mostly towards the base. (Lessons, 

 p. 107, fig. 222; the akene, p. 130, fig'. 292.) 



2. Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-plumose bristles. 



6Y. TR AGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre 

 of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at 

 the base. Akenes terete, slender, roughish, tapering into a long beak, which 

 bears the rigid long-plumed bristles of the pappus, 5 of these longer and naked at 

 the summit. Stems leafy; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base. 



68. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of 



many narrow equal erect scales, and a few"stiort bractlets at base. Akenes 

 spindle-shaped : pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all 

 at the root or base of the scapes. 



3. Pappus of very many slender, but rather stiff" and rough, naked and tawny bristles. 



69. HIERACIUM. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales 



of the involucre unequal and in more than one row. Akenes short, oblong or 

 columnar, not beaked : the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious. 

 Stems naked or leafy. 



70. NABALUS. Heads usually nodding, of 5-40 greenish-white or yellowish often 



purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-15 linear scales in a sirglo 

 row and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes cylindrical: pappus of very 

 copious straw-colored or brownish bristles. Stems leafv. 

 S&F 19 



