50 



LEAVES. 



[section 7. 



The whole surface is covered by a transparent skin, the Epidermis, not 

 unlike that which covers the surface of all fresh shoots. 



124. Note that the leaf-blade expands horizontally, — that is, normally 

 presents its faces one to the sky, the other to the ground, or when the 

 leaf is erect the upper face looks toward the stem that bears it, the lower 

 face away from it. Whenever this is not the case there is something to be 

 explained. 



125. The framework consists of icood, — a fibrous and tough material 

 which runs from the stem through the leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the 



form of parallel threads or bundles of fibres ; 

 and in the blade these spread out in a hori- 

 zontal direction, to form the ribs and veins 

 of the leaf. The stout main branches of 

 the framework are called the Ribs. When 

 there is only one, as in Fig. 112, 114, or a 

 middle one decidedly larger than the rest, 

 it is called the Midrib. The smaller divi- 

 sions are termed Feins ; and their still 

 smaller subdivisions, Veinlets. The latter 

 subdivide again and again, until they be- 

 come so fine that they are invisible to the 

 naked eye. The fibres of which they are 

 composed are hollow; forming tubes by 

 which the sap is brought into the leaves 

 and carried to every part. 



126. Venation is the name of the mode 

 of veining, that is, of the way in which the 

 veins are distributed in the blade. This is 

 of two principal kinds ; namely, the parallel-veined, and the netted-veined. 



127. In Netted-veined (also called Reticulated) leaves, the veins branch 

 off from the main rib or ribs, divide into finer and finer veinlets, and the 

 branches unite with each other to form meshes of network. That is, they 

 anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins and arteries of the body. The 

 Quince-leaf, in Fig. 112, shows this kind of veining in a leaf with a single 

 rib. The Maple, Basswood, Plane or Buttonwood (Fig. 74) show it in 

 leaves of several ribs. 



128. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of slender 

 ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly so, from the 

 base to the point of the leaf, — not dividing and subdividing, nor forming 

 meshes, except by minute cross-veinlets. The leaf of any grass, or that of 

 the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 113) will furnish a good illustration. Such 

 parallel veins Linnaeus called Nerves, and parallel-veined leaves are still 

 commonly called nerved leaves, while those of the other kind are said to be 



Fio. 112. Leaf of the Quince: b, blade ; p, petiole; st, stipules. 



