SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous bigber than the gymnospermous, yel there is no 



culmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : — 



Series I. PHANEROGAM I A ■ Phanerogamous or Flowering Plants. 



Class I. D1COTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME^!, called for shortness 



in English, DICOTYLEDONS or DlCOTYLS. Ovules in a closed ovary. 



Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 



reticulate-veined, 



Artificial Division I. Polypetal.e, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about SO in number, Ranunculacerr to Cornacece. 

 Artificial Division II Gamopktal.e, with gamopctalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliacea to Planta/jinaccr-. 

 Artificial Division HI. Apetal.e or Incomplete, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Nyctayinacea to Salicacea. 

 Class II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMN OS PERMED, in English Gym- 

 OOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Gnetacecr, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Con if era, and of Cycadacea. 

 Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English Monocotyledons or 

 Monocotyls. Angiospermous. Embryo monocotylcdonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 



Division I. Petaloidk.e. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolline. About 

 18 orders. 

 Division II CalyciNjE. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncaccr, the true Rushes, and Palm*, Palms. 

 Division III SPADK [FLORA or NuDIPLORA. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete: inflorescence spadiccous. Of five orders, 

 Tj/phacea and Aroidea the principal. 

 l)ivision IF. GlvmacEjE. Perianth none, or very rudimentary : 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperacem and 

 Oramnea. 



Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA: Cryptogamous on Plowerless Plants, 



Ci us I. PTERIDOPHYTA, I'm aiDOPHYTEa I t84) 



Class 11. BRYOPHYTA, Bryophytes (498) 



Class 111. T11ALU H'UYTA, Thallophytes <^U3). 



