IMPLEMENTS FOR DRAWING. 347 



from plaster, or after the life. It is more gritty 

 than black lead, but is of a deeper black, and has 

 not the glossiness of the former. It is of two kinds, 

 French and Italian ; the former is soft, the latter 

 hard. 



For mellowing and softening the shadows into 

 each other when black chalk is used, 



Stumps are necessary. They are pieces of soft 

 shamoy leather, or blue paper, rolled up quite 

 tight, and cut to a point. 



White chalk is used together with black, for 

 laying on the lights. This is different from com- 

 mon chalk, being much harder. Tobacco-pipe 

 clay will do very well instead of it. 



Red chalk is a fossil substance of a red ochrey 

 colour, which is sometimes used for drawing, but 

 not so much now as it formerly was, the black 

 being preferred ; however, the red being cheaper, 

 will do very well for some purposes. 



Drawing 'pape7\ — Any paper that will do for 

 writing will do for drawing ; but as the wire-marks 

 in common writing paper are injurious, paper 

 made without any wire-marks, called wove paper, 

 is generally used for this purpose. It is made of 

 various sizes and thickness. 



Middle tint papier is paper of a brownish or of a 

 grey colour, which is used for drawing upon \\\t\\ 

 black and white chalk. Being of a dark colour, 

 the strokes of the white chalk are distinctly seen ; 

 and it saves a great deal of time in making draw- 

 ings, as the tint of the paper answers for the half 

 shadow, so that all that is necessary to be done, is 

 to lay in the dark shadows and the lights. 



