DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 103 



BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. 



Tliis often ocnirs durmfr the course of certain (diseases, nanielv. 

 influenza, bronchitis, ])urpura hemorrhncriea, frhmders, etc. But it 

 also f)ccurs in(le[)enrlently of other affections and, as before lueii- 

 tioned, is a s^Tuptoin of pol^-pus, or tumor, in the nose. 



Injuries to the head, exertion, violent sneezing — causinjr a rupture 

 of a small blood vessel — also induce it. The bleedin<? is almost inva- 

 nablv from one nostril onl}', and is never very serious. The blood 

 escapes in droi)s (seldom in a stream) and is not frothy, as when 

 the hemorrhage is from the hmjjs. (See Bleediiifr froui the limofs, 

 p. 1*27.) Tn most cases hathinji; the head and waslwn": out the nostril 

 Avith cold water are all that is necessary. If the cause is Icnown. you 

 will be «ruidcd accordinjj to circumstances. If the bleedinfij^ continues, 

 pour ice-cold watei- over the face, between the eyes and down over 

 the nasal chambers. A baff containinj; ice in small pieces ajipliod to 

 the head is often efficient. If in spite of these metisures the hemor- 

 rhage continues, pluoririn^ the nostrils with cotton, tow. or oakum, 

 should be tried. A string should be tied around the plug before it is 

 pushed up into the nostril, so that it can be safely withdrawn after 

 4 or 5 hours. If })oth nostrils ai^e bleeding, only one nostril at a time 

 should be plugged. If the hemorrhage is profust^ and persistent, a 

 drench composed of 1 dram of acetate <if lead dissolved in 1 pint of 

 water, or ergot. 1 ounce, should be given. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE PHARYNX. 



As already stated, the pharynx is common to the functions of both 

 respiration and alimentation. Fiom this organ the air passes into 

 the larynx and thence onward to the limgs. In the posterior part of 

 tlie phar}Tix is the superior extremity of the gullet, the canal through 

 which the feed and water ])ass to the stomach. InfTanuiiation of the 

 pharynx is a complication of other diseases — namely, influenza, 

 strangles, etc. — and is probably always more or less complicated with 

 infltimmation of the larynx. That it may exi.st as an indei)endent 

 affection there is no reason to doubt. afi<l it i- di-cii>.>jM] ,1- such with 

 the diseases of the digestive tract. 



SORE THROAT. OR LARYNGITIS. 



The larynx is situated in the space between the lower jawbones just 

 back of the root of the tongue. It may be considered as a box (sduie- 

 what depressed on each side), comj^osed piincipally of cartilages and 

 small muscles, and lined on the inside with a continuation of the 

 respiratory mucous membrane. Posterioily it opens into and is con- 

 tinuous with the windpii)e. It is the organ of the voice, the vo<al 

 cords Ijeing situated within it; but in the horse this function is of 



