lameness: its causes and treatment. 357 



tion of the shank bone (the tihin) and one of the bones of the liook 

 (the iibtiagahis). Tlie tendinous sac lies back of the articuhition 

 itself and extends upward and dowmvard in the *jroove of that joint 

 tlirough which the flexor tendons slide. The dilatation of this articu- 

 lar synovial sac is what is denominated boji: spavin, the term 

 thoroujrhpin bein<»; ai)plied to the dilatation of the tendinous capsuk\ 



The bo<2: spavin is a round, smooth, Avell-detined, fluctuating tumor 

 situated in front and a little inward of the hock. On pressure it 

 disappears at this point to reapi>ear on the outside and just behind 

 the hock. If pressed to the front from the outside it will then iij-pear 

 on the inside of the hock. On its outer suiface it presents a vein 

 which is quite prominent, running from below upward, and it is to 

 the preternatural dilatation of this l)lood vessel that the term blood 

 spavin is applied. 



The thoroughpin is found at the back and on the top of the hock 

 in that part known as the ''hollows,'' immediately behind the shank 

 bone. It is round and smooth, but not so legularly formed as the 

 bog spavin, and is most apparent when viewed from behind. The 

 swelling is usually on both sides and a little in front of the so-called 

 ham.string, but may be more noticeable on the inside or on the 

 outside. 



In their general characteristics bog spavins and thoroughpins are 

 similar to windgalls. and one description of the origin, symptoms, 

 pathological changes, and treatment will serve for all equally, except 

 that it is po.ssible for a bog spavin to cause lameness, and thus to 

 in^ olve a verdict of unsoundness in the |)atient. a circumstance which 

 will, of course, justify its classification by itself as a se\erer form of 

 a single type of disease 



We have already referied to the subject of treatment and the 

 means employed — rest, of course — with liniments, blisters, etc.. and 

 what we esteem as the most active and beneficial of any. early, deep, 

 and well-performed cauterization. There are, besides, commenda- 

 tory reports of a form of treatment by the application of pressure 

 ])ads and peculiar bandages upcm the hocks, and it is asserted that 

 the removal of the tumors has been effected by their use. Our 

 ex|)erience with this apparatus, however, has not been accomjianied 

 with such favorable lesults as would justify our indorsement of 

 the flattering lejuesentations which have sometimes apjieared in its 

 behalf. 



OPEN JOINT.S. BROKEN KNEE.S. SYNOVITIS. AND ARTHRITIS. 



The close relationship which exists among the.se seveial afl'ections, 

 their apparently po.s!-il)le connection as successive development.'^ of a 

 similar, if not an essentially identical, origin, together with the 

 advantage gained by avoiding frefpient lepetitions in the details 



