THE OSSEOUS TISSUE. 165 



lar structure of "bone was now substituted for the middle 

 one of ivory, and the series submitted to the same process ; 

 the impulsive power of the first hall was now found to he 

 almost entirely destroyed on reaching the last. 



All the hones present upon their surface impressions 

 which are either regular or irregular, smooth or rough ; 

 this diversity depending upon the projections and depres- 

 sions every where belonging to bones. They constitute 

 most important practical points to the surgeon ; as they 

 form his guide in many operations, while they also give 

 origin and insertion to muscles, and at the extremities of 

 bones form the articular surfaces of joints. The projec- 

 tions from the surface of bones are called apophyses or 

 processes, (arfo, from, <j>i>cyiat, to grow,) in early life epiphy- 

 ses, (frtt, upon, $u<yM, to grow.) The apophyses are divided 

 into those forming articulations, and those giving attach- 

 ment to fibrous organs. Cloquet gives the following 

 summary. 



1st. Apophyses forming articulations. 



Those belonging to movable articulations. 



Heads, which are nearly hemispherical, as the head of 

 the humerus and femur. 



Condyles, which are broader in one direction than another, 

 as the condyles of the femur. 



Those belonging to articulations not having motion, den- 

 tations, or teeth-roots, &c. 



2d. Apophyses affording attachment to fibrous organs, 

 and named according to their general forms. 



Impressions, unequal eminences, not much raised and 

 extended in breadth. 



Lines, unequal eminences, not very prominent, but ex- 

 tended in length, as the linea-aspera. 



Ridges, resembling lines, but smooth and more distinct, 

 as the superciliary ridge. 



Bumps, when they are rounded, broad, and smooth. 



Tuberosities and protuberances, when rounded and rough, 

 as the tuberosity of the ischium, the bicipital protuber- 

 ance, &c. 



