History of Biology. 351 



and earned the ridicule and contempt of his contemporaries 

 and the posthumous applause of scientific investigators a 

 century after. In 1835 Dujardin had taken the final step in 

 the study of living things and had discovered the existence 

 of a substance within Schleiden's cell-wall to which he gave 

 the name of 'sarcode'; and Von Mohl (1805-1872) did 

 the like service for plant-cells and named the granular 

 gelatinous substance he found in the cell ' protoplasm.' 

 Lastly, Max Schultze (1825-1874) identified the two sub- 

 stances as being the same, and thus struck the keynote 

 of the science of Biology as we now understand it. For the 

 adoption of a new name for the science which has grown 

 out of, and has now absorbed the two older sub-sciences of 

 Zoology and Botany, signifies more than a merely nominal 

 union. It signifies the adoption of a unity of treatment in 

 investigations into the morphology and physiology of plants 

 and animals, a step parallel to and naturally following 

 from the discovery of the identity of Dujardin's animal 

 ' sarcode,' and Von Mohl's plant * protoplasm ' by Max 

 Schultze. 



No sooner had the morphologists performed their final 

 analysis and discovered that all organisms were built out of 

 protoplasm, well named by Professor Huxley * the physical 

 basis of life,' than the physiological school led by Claude 

 Bernard (1813-1878), proceeded to study its functions, and 

 ere long elucidated the great general principle that living 

 protoplasm was constantly undergoing chemical changes ; 

 that these changes might be divided into two categories, viz. 

 constructive or anabolic changes, leading to the formation 

 of protoplasm, which thereby became a store of potential 

 energy, and destructive or katabolic changes, resulting in 

 the breaking down of the protoplasm and in the evolution 

 of the stored energy in a kinetic or active form which 

 manifested itself in the various phenomena of life. 



Contemporary with these great leaders in biological 

 thought, were many who devoted themselves to some 



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