vn WORK AT MANCHESTER 165 



Then I knew Henri St. Claire Deville, of aluminium 

 fame ; Balard, the discoverer of bromine ; Friedel, a 

 great mineralogist, as well as a distinguished chemist 

 and the most lovable of men. These have all joined 

 the majority, but their names will be remembered 

 as those of men who did much to uphold the high 

 standard of French science. One of my friends of 

 that day remains, Marcelin Berthelot, the permanent 

 Secretary of the Institut. I met him first in 1857 in 

 Heidelberg, and since then have often enjoyed seeing 

 him in Paris. He is not only an indefatigable worker 

 but a voluminous writer, and as an historian of early 

 chemistry is unequalled. Then he is a statesman, 

 having acted both as Minister of Education and of 

 Foreign Affairs. A Frenchman par excellence, 

 he played an active part during the siege of Paris. 

 A life-like portrait of Berthelot at the present day 

 will be found facing p. 164. 



Of Pasteur I shall have much to say in a subsequent 

 chapter. 



On October 7th, 1878, I distributed the prizes at the 

 Liverpool Science and Art Classes, and endeavoured 

 to explain my view of the difference between modern 

 scientific training and the kind of education which the 

 world had known for generations. It seemed to me 

 that they differed chiefly in this, that the old system 

 was one in which the information or knowledge was 

 crammed down the pupils' throats, and was therefore 

 essentially one of learning by rote, a system which 

 I designated as the "as in presenti" system; the 

 Latin grammar was<set before an unfortunate boy, and 

 a certain number of pages had to be committed to 

 memory, whether the boy understood or not. The 

 scientific system, on the other hand, was one of 

 inquiry ; it was an inquisitive system ; the word 



