356 LIFE AND EXPERIENCES CHAP. 



to which reference has already been made in these 

 pages. These were followed by appeals throughout 

 the country with the object of securing for England 

 scientific and technical institutions similar to those 

 on the Continent and in the United States which 

 have proved so effective in promoting the national 

 industries in those countries. 



In looking back upon the rise and progress of 

 technical education in England and in Germany, the 

 difference in method adopted in the two countries 

 strikes one at once. When, now more than half a 

 century ago, Germany awoke to the necessity of 

 establishing a higher education on modern lines, suit- 

 able for the growing industrial needs of the country 

 and differing from that in science and literature given 

 in the University, it was decided to erect, side by side 

 with the institutions devoted to the older form of edu- 

 cation, new ones in which modern methods were to be 

 practised. Thus came about the foundation of the 

 German Polytechnic schools, or as they have now been 

 named, " Technische Hochschulen," that is " Technical 

 Universities." The reasons which induced the German 

 Governments [for Universities (Hochschulen) were 

 always Government institutions] to set up new and 

 distinct institutions seemingly in opposition to the old 

 University system, apparently arose from the conser- 

 vative character of these latter. The German University 

 Professor looked with a feeling almost akin to contempt 

 on these professorships of engineering, applied chem- 

 istry and applied mathematics. He considered these 

 subjects as " Brotstudien " and denied to them the right 

 of University representation. And yet these particu- 

 larist ideas seemed to come with a bad grace from 

 institutions to which the chemists and druggists 

 (Pharmaceuten) were admitted. Surely if it were not 



