THAT the lower animals are in possession of all the char- 

 acters of the mind or soul that are either the inherited 

 or acquired properties of man, some evidence will now be 

 adduced. Foremost among these qualities is Reason. Much 

 vagueness of idea exists as to what constitutes reason, the gen- 

 eral tendency being to confound it with instinct, and to won- 

 der where the one ends and the other begins. Hundreds of 

 anecdotes, too familiar for mention, might be instanced, 

 which have been described as wonderful examples of instinct, 

 but which, upon careful examination, have been shown to be 

 undoubted proofs of reason. That disposition of mind by 

 which, independent of all instruction or experience, animals are 

 unerringly directed to do spontaneously whatever is neces- 

 sary for the preservation of the individual or the continua- 

 tion of the species, is instinct. It is instinct that teaches the 

 newly-born child to breathe, or to seek its mother's breast 

 and obtain its nourishment by suction. Instinct teaches the 

 bird how to make its nest after the manner of its kind, but 

 it is reason that leads it to construct a fabric radically differ- 

 ent from the typical form. Taking the case of insects, there 

 can be no doubt that it is instinct that teaches the caterpillar 

 to make its cocoon, to remain there until it has developed 

 into an imago, and then to force its entrance into the world. 

 Ducks, though hatched under a hen, instinctively make their 

 way to the water, while chickens, though hatched under a 

 duck, instinctively keep away from it. Man, as well as the 

 lower animals, has his instincts, but very few of them are 

 apparent, for he is able to bring the most of them under 



