Mind in Animals. 361 



succeeding times ? Then, again, the flies always came at 

 the right time, showing that they had some idea of the pass- 

 ing moments. Even admitting that this latter thought is out 

 of the range of probability, there can be no doubt that they 

 were not observant creatures, else how would they know 

 when to come, or whether or not the man that sat at the 

 table was the same that had shown them so much kindness 

 on their previous visits. That they did know these things, 

 there cannot be the slightest doubt. But how did they 

 know them ? There is only one answer to the query. They 

 knew them through the exercise of memory, these creatures 

 impressing on their minds the appearance of the objects 

 near the table, the form and color of the table itself, the 

 look, manner and dress of the man who sat by it, and acting 

 on the result of these impressions. Human beings act in 

 just the same way in traversing for the first time a locality 

 through which they will have to return. And yet, as has 

 already been stated, these insects have no true brains. 



Considerably removed from insects are the vermes, or 

 worms. Man, in his overweening opinion of self, would 

 hardly credit the earth-worm with the possession of any 

 mental qualities ; yet it has been shown that it can reason, 

 and can communicate after its fashion with its fellows. It is 

 now my intention to prove that it has the power of memory. 

 Has the reader ever seen an earth-worm trying to carry into 

 its burrow a pair of pine-needles joined at their bases? It 

 knows just where to seize the pair. This it determines by 

 feeling, or moving its head along the needles, the sense of 

 touch being very acute in this portion of its body. Hardly 

 ever is a mistake made by seizing the free or apical extremi- 

 ties. Once it has discovered where to act, this position is 

 fixed in memory, and the animal exercises the latter power 

 in dealing with objects of the kind in all subsequent opera- 

 tions. 



Almost any living being can by means of the faculty of 

 memory be taught by man. But were it absent, no teaching 



