Mind in A nimals. 387 



that are lower down in the scale of life. My little dog 

 Frisky, about whom mention has already been made, affords 

 a very fine illustration of this phase of conscience. When- 

 ever he did wrong, the severest punishment that could be 

 meted out to him was to ignore his presence and decline his 

 offered paw. For hours the poor fellow would moan and 

 cry, and even refuse food, when he thought I was angry 

 with him. But a word or a look of forgiveness was suffi- 

 cient to change his sadness into joy. A shaking of hands, 

 so to speak, would then follow, and master and dog would 

 be good friends again. No love could be more intense than 

 his, and this was especially shown when I would return from 

 a short absence, when the little fellow would almost over- 

 whelm me by his affectionate caresses. 



No loftier characteristic adorns humanity than Love. 

 But how far it is shared by the lower animals it is now our 

 purpose to inquire. That there are many phases of devel- 

 opment cannot be doubted. Sympathy, or that capacity of 

 feeling for the sufferings of another, is the first phase. 

 Many, and perhaps all, living creatures possess the capacity 

 of sympathy. In the majority of cases it is not restricted 

 to their own species, but is extended to those beings which 

 appear to have very little in common with each other. Ordi- 

 narily, however, it is exhibited between animals of the 

 same species, and it is often seen in the dog, as, for example, 

 where a dog, having been cured of an injury, has been 

 observed to take a fellow-sufferer to his benefactor. Such 

 sympathy, it need hardly be remarked, could not be carried 

 out unless the animals possessed a language adequately 

 defined to enable them to transmit ideas from one to the other. 

 Cats are often kind to each other, sympathizing under diffi- 

 culties, and helping their friends who require assistance. A 

 cat, belonging to a friend, has been known, when oppressed 

 with the cares of a family, to employ a half-grown kitten 

 to take charge of the young while she went for a ramble. 

 Between the cat and the dog an enmity exists that is hereditary, 



