84 



in one family of plants are often formed upon a model which can admit of exterior 

 modljications, and still preserve unaltered the essential cliaractcrs of the internal 

 structure. But the actual state of science does not warrant a classification founded 

 on characters so important but so obscure, and better fitted to enlighten the learned 

 Physiologist than to assist tlie student in Descriptive Botany."* Miibel has given 

 a simple arrangement of fruits, which, in its essential features, we shall follow, 



a. Phenogamous plants, in respect to theu- fruits, are divided into two classes : 

 1st, Gymnocarpcs, which include all such as arc not masked, or covered by any 

 organ which conceals their true character. 2d, Angiocarpes, which include all fruits 

 covered by any organ wliich disguises them from observation. 



89. Synopsis of MirheVs Orders and Genera of Pericarps. 



CL.'^SS I. 

 Gymnocarpes — fruit naked,or pericarps witliout foliaceous envelopes. 

 Order 1. Carcerulaues, simple fruits, remaining closed. 



Cypsela ; Ex., dandelion. 



Cerion ; " corn, wheat. 



Carcerula; " buckwheat, elm. 



Order 2. Capsulares, simple fruits, which open at maturity. 



r 1. Capsule ; Ex., pink, lily, poppy. 



P J 2- Legume ; " beaii, pea. 



v^enera, s 3, gjiique and Silicle ; " mustard, wall-fiowcr. 



1^4. Pyxides; " carrot. 



Order 3. Dieresilia, simple fruits, which divide into many parts when ripe, 

 fl. Cremocarp ; Ex., coriander. 



Genera, < 2. Regmates ; " euphorbia, althea. 



[3. Dieresil ; " gaiium. 



Order 4. Etaironnair, compound fruits, proceeding from an ovary to which the style adheres. 



Generi \ ^- Fo"''^^^ '' ^^-^ asclepias. 



"' ^2. Etairon ; " ranunculus, larkspur. 



Order 5. Cenobionnaires, compound fruits, proceeding from au ovary not bearing the style. 



Genera, { Cenobium ; Ex., sage, borage, . 



Order 6. Drupaces, simple fruits, contained in a nut. 



Genera, <( Drupe; Ex., cherry, almond, cocoanut. 



Order 7. Baccati, simple, succulent fruits, containing many separate seeds. 

 Pyridion ; Ex., apple, pear. 



Pepo ; " cucumber family. 



[3. Bacca ; " asparagus, coffee, whortleberry. 



CLASS II. 



•'{■; 



IS: 



Angiocarpes— /7-u/<s covered by bracts or foliaceous envelopes. 

 No Divisio*of Order. 

 (i. Calybion ; Ex., chestnut. 



r< j 2. Strobilum ; " pine, cedar, hop. 



Genera, -^3 p^^^,^^ . .. -^^ 



1,4. fc-'orose; " mulberry, pineapple. 



CLASS I. GYMNOCARPES. 



Fruits not covered by any brads or foliaceous envelopes. 



90. Order 1st. Carcerulares (from career, a prison), simple fruits, without 

 valves, and wliich never open spontaneously. This order includes the fruits of 

 SynyenesioHS plants, of the grasses, &c. 



1st. Cypsela (or achcenium; from kupsele,'a box). This pericarjj is one-celled, one- 

 seeded, adhering ; the seed is erect, with the radicle pomtiug to the hiluni ; it is 

 monocephalous, and crowned by the border of tlie calyx, prolonged in scales, or an 

 egret. It is woody, membraneous, or succulent. Tins fruit is found in Syngenesious 



* Translated from Elemens dc Physiologic vcgetale ct de Botanique. Par C. F. Brisseau Mir- 

 BEL, de l^ Institute de France. 



a. Into wliat two classes has Mirbel divided fruits? — 89. Synopsis of Mirbel'si classes, orders, and 

 gent-ra of fruiis.- 90. Describe the order Carcerulares, with the genera here founo 



