METHOD OF TOUENEFORT. 



119 



be obliged to turn over the leaves of our books without any rule 

 to guide us in the search. 



i-ii. Previous to the time of Linnseus, Tournefort, of France, 

 had published an ingenious method of arrangement, beautiful 

 by its simplicity, but imperfect, on account of the vagueness of 

 its application. The characters of his classes were founded upon 

 the absence^ presence^ smdform of the corolla. 



Synopsis of the Method of Tournefort. 



FliOWKRS 

 PETALOU3, 



simple. 



Corollas 

 monopetalous. 



Corollas 

 polypetalous. 



Regular. 

 Irregular. 



Regular. 



Irregular. 

 Compound. 



FLOWERS APETALOUS. 



1. Bell-form. 



2. Funnel-form. 



3. Personate. 



4. Labiate. 



5. Cruciform. 



6. Rosaceous. 



7. Umbelliferous. 



8. Caryophyllous. 



9. Liliaceous. 



10. Papilionaceous. 



11. Jlnomalous. 



12. Flosculous. 



13. Scmi-Flosculous. 



14. Radiated, 

 j^pctalous, with stamens, 

 j^petalous, without stamens. 



Spetalous, without visible flowers or 

 fruit. 



\, It. 1 



( 15. J 



J 16. J 



1 17. J 



FLOWERS APETALOUS. 



Corollas 



FLOWERS 

 PETALOUS. 



monopetalous. 



Corollas 

 polypetalous. 



18. Trees apetalous. 



19. Trees amentaceous. 



20. Trees with monopetalous flowers. 



21. Trees with rosaceous flowers. 



22. Trees with papilionaceous flowers. 



a. Tlie first step in this classification, or the separation of shrubs and trees, was 

 ■wrong. The distinction between a small tree and shrub cannot be accurately 

 settled. Two circumstances were by Tournefort relied on as a foundation for this 

 distinction: first, that sh)-ubs do not form buds for the future year; and secondly, 

 the difference in size of trees and shrubs. AVith respect to the f or 771 at ion of buds, 

 the distinction is not found to be invariable, as some shrubs do form buds, and some 

 trees do not. As to size, the variation, even in the same species, is such in different 

 soils and situations, that it cannot be admitted as a mark of distinction. Different 

 species even in the same genus sometimes differ in their stems ; some being woody 

 and others herbaceous. Neither is the fonn of the corolla to be depended on ; 

 even in the most natural families of plants we find flowers of different forms ; as 

 in different species in the natural order Solaneas, where the 77iullein, is ivheel-form ; 

 the tobacco, fu7inel-for7n ; a7xd the atropa, bell f 07171. 



System of LinruDus. 

 148. The system^" of Linnaeus not only includes within it all 

 known plants, but is founded on such principles as must com- 

 prehend within it whatever plants may yet be discovered. Its 



. * .^l'.^^.'^^ ilifters from method in having but one single primitive character, and in founding its prin- 

 cipal divisions upon the consideration of only one single organ or principle. Linnaeus founded his sys- 

 tem upon the consideration of the stamens as more or less numprous, upon their proportion, connection, 

 and their absence. Newton founded his system of Natural Philosophy upon attractioii. The vital 

 principle is the foundation of all systems of Physiology. Method is not confined to the consideration 

 of one character ; it employs all such as are conspicuous and invariable. 



r ^^\ Attempts at arrangement made before the time of liinnaus— Tournefort's classes, on what 

 ♦ounded ?— Synopsis of Tourneforl'a method— a. Defects in Tournefort's classification.— 148. System oi 

 Lmna-us. 



